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Thyroid Gland

1. The thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) through a multi-step process involving iodide uptake, oxidation, organification, and hormone formation and storage. 2. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body to increase oxygen consumption and metabolism by increasing mitochondrial function and cellular ATP production. They regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. 3. Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland which is stimulated by thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Evaluation of thyroid function involves measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels.

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225 views28 pages

Thyroid Gland

1. The thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) through a multi-step process involving iodide uptake, oxidation, organification, and hormone formation and storage. 2. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body to increase oxygen consumption and metabolism by increasing mitochondrial function and cellular ATP production. They regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. 3. Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland which is stimulated by thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Evaluation of thyroid function involves measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels.

Uploaded by

ahmed alkramy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thyroid gland

Structures and Functions of Endocrine


System
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis

Larynx
Superior
, parathyroid
gland
—Thyroid gland
Inferior
parathyroid
gland
Trachea

Anterior Posterior
view view

Fig. 48-10. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Note the surrounding structures.
Section of thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone precursors:
Synthesis
Tyrosine Thyroxine (Ty)
H H
H
HO
H OH H NH2
HO QC —G
—C (2 tyrosine + 4
H
I )
Tyrosine Triiodothyronine (Tg)
NH 2
H H
HO C—C-G
H OH H
H NH2 H NH
HO / C — C2
—C(2 tyrosine + 3
I)

Figure 1-1: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine
T4 vs
T3
T4 T
• Thyroid gland synthesize •3 Thyroid gland synthesize 9 /o
0

90% • 0 .4 0/o fr
• 0.04%free • A ctive
• Not active
• Long T1\2
Synthesis of thyroi horm•nes
1. Iodide trapping
By sodium iodide symporter
— Blocked by:
• Thiocyanate SCN-
• Perchlorate CIO4-

2. Oxidation of iodide
— By thyroid peroxidase
Inhibited by:
3. large intake of iodide >150mcg\day
4. Thioamides(refer to hyperthyroidism therapy)
Synthesis of thyroi
hnrmones
3. Organification
— Tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin is
iodinated
Inhibited by large intake of
iodide >150mcg\day
2. Thioamides(refer to
hyperthyroidism therapy)
— Produce monoiodotyrosine residues MITnd
diiodotyrosine residues DIT
4. Coupling
DIT +DIT =T4
MIT + DIT =T3

5. Storage: Along with thyroglobulin

6.Exocytosis and Proteolysis


Release T3 and T4

7.Conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissue by deiodenase enzyme


i Thyroid
s

thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion involves processes that occur within follicular
epithelial cells and in colloid.
-: iodide ions; 1 2: iodine; TG: thyroglobulin; MIT: monoiodotyrosine; DIT:
diiodotyrosine.
Thyro

T4
Mechanism of action of thyroid
hormones
Thyroid land
• Thyroid hormones target almost every body cell
•Can enter cells & bind to intracellular receptors
on mitochondria & in nucleus
• Effects include:
• increased ATP production
•increased cellular metabolism, energy utilization
& oxygen consumption
• increased body temperature
•growth & development of skeletal, muscular
& nervous system in fetus & children
Thyroid H. Actions Which Increase
Oxygen Co nsumption
• increase mitochondrial Size,Number and
Key
Enzymes
• increase Plasma membrane Na-K
ATPase Activity.
Physiological Actions of the Thyroid Hormones

Target Effect Mechanism


Increase number and affinity of B-
Increase heart rate
adrenergic receptor
Heart
Increase strength of Increase response to catecholamine
contraction Increase myosin filaments
Blood Vasodilatation
Accumulation of metabolite
vessels Increase blood flow
Muscle Catabolic Increase protein catabolism
Promote normal growth and
Developmental and
Bone development
metabolic
Increase bone turnover
increase RBC and
Blood Increase erythropoietic activity
blood volume
Brain Developmental Promote normal development
Increase the rate and Increase oxygen consumption and
Respiratory
depth of respiration accumulation of metabolites
Gut Metabolic Increase carbohydrate absorption
Lipid Increase lipolysis
Metabolism carbohydrate Increase all aspect of metabolism
Protein Increase protein synthesis
For normal sexual
sexual function (fertility and Impressive
lipido)
Increase oxygen consumption by
Calorigenic
Other metabolic active tissue
Basal metabolic rate Increase 100 % in hyperthyroidism
Regulation of thyroid hormone

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates


thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates thyroid
hormone release. TRH is also a potent stimulator of prolactin Hormone release from the
pituitary.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone with one α-chain and one β-chain. Binding
of TSH to receptors on the membrane of thyroid epithelial cells seems to:

 stimulate all steps of thyroid hormone synthesis & release.


 increase the size & vascularity of thyroid gland. Follicular cells becomes columnar & active.
Prolonged stimulation of the gland by
TSH ------> ↑ size (hypertrophy) & number (hyperplasia) of follicular cells ------->
enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter).
A number of other factors have been shown to
influence thyroid hormone secretion ,

Excess iodide intake, Stress, Somatostatin


,Glucocorticoids and Dopamine inhibits it

while exposure to a cold environment


increase its secretion through their effect on
TRH secretion .
Thyroid function test (TFT)

Which include TSH , T3 and T4


but measurement of TSH has become
the principal test for the evaluation
of thyroid function in most
circumstances.
Thyroid Function Test
Investigation :
• Thyroid function test
• Ultrasound

Treatment
• Thyroxin

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