Inductance, Inductive

Reactance,
and Inductive Circuits
CHAPTER 8
INDUCTION

The ability of a conductor to induce voltage in itself

when the current changes is its self-inductance, or
simply inductance. The symbol for inductance is L,
and its unit is the henry (H).

One henry is the amount of inductance that

permits one volt to be induced when the current
changes at the rate of one ampere per second.
INDUCTION

The formula for inductance is

vL
L=
Δi / Δt

L = inductance, Henry
vL = induced voltage across the coil, V
Δi / Δt = rate of change of current, A/s
INDUCTION

The inductance of a coil is 1 H when a change of 1 A/s

induces 1 V across the coil.
INDUCTION

The self-induced voltage vL

Δi
vL = L
Δt

L = inductance, Henry
vL = induced voltage across the coil, V
Δi / Δt = rate of change of current, A/s
EXAMPLE

What is the value of inductance of a coil that induces

20V when the current through the coil changes from
12 to 20 A in 2 s?
EXAMPLE

A coil has an inductance of 50 microH. What voltage

is induced across the coil when the rate of
change of the current is 10 000A/s?
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
When the current in a conductor or coil changes,
the varying flux can cut across any other conductor or
coil located nearby, thus inducing voltages in both. A
varying current in L1, therefore, induces voltage across
L1 and across L2.

When the induced voltage vL2 produces current in L2,

its varying magnetic field induces voltage in L1.
Hence, the two coils L1 and L2 have mutual inductance
because current change in one coil can induce voltage
in the other.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

The unit of mutual inductance is the henry, and the

symbol is LM. Two coils have LM of 1 H when a current
change of 1 A/s in one coil induces 1 V in the other
coil.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COILS
Physical Characteristics

A coil's inductance depends on how it is wound,

the core material on which it is wound, and the
number of turns of wire with which it is wound.

1. Inductance L increases as the number of turns

of wire N around the core increases. Inductance
increases as the square of the turns increases.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COILS
Physical Characteristics

For example, if the number of turns is doubled

(2x), inductance increases 22 r or 4x , assuming
the area and length of the coil remain
constant .

2. Inductance increases as the relative

permeability μ of the core material increases.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COILS
Physical Characteristics

3. As the area A enclosed by each turn increases,

the inductance increases. Since the area is a
function of the square of the diameter of the
coil, inductance increases as the square of the
diameter.

4. Inductance decreases as the length of the coil

increases (assuming the number of turns
remains constant) .
EXAMPLE

An approximate formula in SI units for the

inductance of a coil where the length is at least 10
times the diameter is

Find L when μr = 200, N = 200 turns, A = 1 x 10-4

m2, and l = 0.1 m.
 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Inductive reactance XL is the opposition to ac
current due to the inductance in the circuit. The
unit of inductive reactance is the ohm. The
formula for inductive reactance is

XL = 2ΠfL

XL = inductive reactance, Ω

f = frequency , Hz
L = inductance , H
 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
In a circuit containing only inductance, Ohm’s
Law can be used to find current and voltage:
EXAMPLES

A resonant tank circuit consists of a 20-mH coil

operating at a frequency of 950 kHz. What is the
inductive reactance of the coil?

What must the inductance of a coil be in order that it

have a reactance of 942 Ω at a frequency of 60 kHz?

A tuning coil in a radio transmitter has an

inductance of 300 μH. At what frequency will it
have an inductive reactance of 3768 Ω?
EXAMPLES

A choke coil of negligible resistance is to limit the

current through it to 50 mA when 25 V is applied
across it at 400 kHz. Find its inductance.

The primary coil of a power transformer has an

inductance of 30mH with negligible resistance. Find
its inductive reactance at a frequency of 60 Hz and
the current it will draw from a 120-V line.
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL

If inductors are spaced sufficiently far apart so

that they do not interact electromagnetically
with each other, their values can be combined
just like resistors when connected together.

Series : LT = L1 + L2 + L3 +…+ Ln
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL

If two series-connected coils are spaced close

together so that their magnetic field lines
interlink, their mutual inductance will have an
effect on the circuit. In that case the total
inductance is

L T = L 1 + L2 + L 3 + 2 L M
INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL

(+) – series aiding form

(-) – series-opposing form

INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL

Parallel : 1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 +…+

1/Ln

Product over Sum formula

 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
EXAMPLE

A 10-H and a 12-H choke used to limit current

in a circuit are connected in series. Initially they
are spaced far apart. What is the total
inductance?
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
EXAMPLE

The two chokes of previous example are moved

close together so that they are coupled by a
mutual inductance of 7 H. What are the total
inductances if
(a) the coils are wound in the same direction
and
(b) the coils are wound in opposing directions?
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
EXAMPLE

A 6-H inductor and a 22-H inductor are

connected in series and plugged into a 120-V ac
60-Hz outlet. What is their inductive reactance
and what current will they draw?
Assume that their resistance is negligible and
that they have no mutual inductance.
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
Inductance Only

If an ac voltage v is applied across a circuit

having only inductance, the resulting ac current
through the inductance, iL, will lag the voltage
across the inductance, vL, by 90o .
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
Inductance Only
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
RL in Series

When a coil has series resistance, the rms

current I is limited by both XL and R. I is the
same in XL and R since they are in series. The
voltage drop across R is VR = IR, and the voltage
drop across XL is VL = IXL.
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
RL in Series

The current I through XL must lag VL by 90o

because this is the phase angle between current
through an inductance and its self-induced
voltage. The current I through R and its IR
voltage drop are in phase so the phase angle is
0o .
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
RL in Series
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
RL in Series

To combine two waveforms out of phase, we

add their equivalent phasors.

Resultant
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
RL in Series
Phasor – Voltage Triangle
All the voltages must be in the same units-rms
values, peak values, or instantaneous
values.
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
EXAMPLE
A RL series ac circuit has a current of 1 A peak
with R = 50Ω and XL = 50 Ω. Calculate VR, VL,
VT, and θ. Draw the phasor diagram of VT and I.
Draw also the time diagram of i, vR, vL, and vT.
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
EXAMPLE
 INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
EXAMPLE
 IMPEDANCE IN SERIES RL

The resultant of the phasor addition of R and XL

is called impedance. Impedance is the total
opposition to the flow of current, expressed in
ohms.
 IMPEDANCE IN SERIES RL

The resultant of the phasor addition of R and XL

is called impedance. Impedance is the total
opposition to the flow of current, expressed in
ohms.
 IMPEDANCE IN SERIES RL
EXAMPLE
If a 50-Ω R and a 70- Ω XL are in series with
120 V applied find the following:

Z, θ, I, VR, and VL. What is the phase angle of

VL, VR, and VT with respect to I? Prove that the
sum of the series voltage drops equals the
applied voltage VT.
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL

For parallel circuits with R and XL, the same

applied voltage VT is across R and XL since both
are in parallel with VT. There is no phase
difference between these voltages.

Therefore, VT will be used as the reference

phasor. The resistive branch current IR = VT/R
is in phase with VT. The inductive branch
current IL = VT/XL lags VT by 90o because
the current in an inductance lags the voltage
o
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL
The phasor sum of IR and IL equals the total line
current IT.
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL
EXAMPLE
A RL parallel ac circuit has 100-V peak applied
across R = 20-Ω R and XL = 20- Ω . Find IR, IL,
IT, and θ. Draw the phasor and time diagrams
of vT, iR, iL and iT.
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL
EXAMPLE
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL
EXAMPLE
 IMPEDANCE IN PARALLEL RL
EXAMPLE
 POWER IN RL CIRCUITS

In an ac circuit with inductive reactance, the line

current I lags the applied voltage V. The real power P
is equal to the voltage multiplied by only that portion
of the line current which is in phase with the voltage.
Therefore,

Real power P = V I cos θ

 POWER IN RL CIRCUITS

Reactive power Q in volt-amperes reactive (VAR), is

expressed as follows:

Reactive power Q = VI sin θ

 POWER IN RL CIRCUITS

Apparent power S is the product of V x I. The unit is

volt-amperes (VA). In formula form,

Apparent power S = VI
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
EXAMPLE
The ac circuit has 2 A through a 173 Ω - R in
series with an XL of 100 Ω. Find the power
factor, the applied voltage V, real power P,
reactive power Q, and apparent power S.
 INDUCTORS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
Summary Table