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Chapter 4 New

This document provides an overview of DC bridges, including Wheatstone bridges and Kelvin bridges. It defines DC bridges and their basic circuit diagrams. It describes the concept of a standard bridge circuit and the conditions for a bridge to be in null or balance. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating unknown resistances using Wheatstone bridge equations. The document also discusses constructing Wheatstone bridge circuits and measuring low resistances using a Kelvin bridge. Tutorial problems are included at the end to help reinforce the concepts covered.

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Nur Shazwani
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325 views36 pages

Chapter 4 New

This document provides an overview of DC bridges, including Wheatstone bridges and Kelvin bridges. It defines DC bridges and their basic circuit diagrams. It describes the concept of a standard bridge circuit and the conditions for a bridge to be in null or balance. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating unknown resistances using Wheatstone bridge equations. The document also discusses constructing Wheatstone bridge circuits and measuring low resistances using a Kelvin bridge. Tutorial problems are included at the end to help reinforce the concepts covered.

Uploaded by

Nur Shazwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

DEE 10013

MEASUREMEN
T DEVICES

CHAPTER 4 :
DC BRIDGES

Prepared by:
Noorolpadzilah bt
Mohamed Zan

1
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOME

 Apply the concept of measurement principles


and measuring equipment in electrical and
electronic measurement. (C3, PLO1)

 Solve problems of electrical and electronic


circuit using appropriate measuring operations
and theorems. (C3, PLO2)
LEARNING OUTCOME

 Know fundamental concept of DC bridge


circuits

 Understand the principle of DC Bridge

 Apply basic concept of DC bridge circuit in


measuring resistance
INTRODUCTION OF DC BRIDGE

Figure 4.0: The summary of introduction DC bridge.


THE BASIC DIAGRAM OF A
STANDARD BRIDGE CIRCUIT.
C

R1 R2

Ig
V Null
A Detector B

R3 R4

Figure 4.1: The basic schematic diagram of standard bridge.


THE CONCEPT OF STANDARD BRIDGE
CIRCUIT
• Bridge circuit generally refers to a circuit in which a load is
connected between two levels of resistors. The load is call a
null detector.
• When the voltage between point A is equal to the voltage
between point B, the null detector will indicate zero. That
means no current flow through the load. This condition
shows that the bridge is in balance.
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

 The battery (V) is


connected between C and
D while the galvanometer
(G) is connected between A
and B.
 R4 is the unknown resistor

 R1,R2 and R3 are resistors


of known resistance and
the resistance of R3 is
adjustable
• The arms consisting the resistances R1 and R2 are called
ratio arms. The arm consisting the standard known
resistance R3 is called standard arm.
• The resistance R4 is the unknown resistance to be
measured. The battery is connected between C and D
while galvanometer is connected between A and B.
• Now the bridge as two series circuits: one consisting of
resistors R1 and R3 and the other consisting of R2 and R4.
The two series circuits are connected in parallel with
each other.
THE BRIDGES IN NULL CONDITION

• Bridge in null condition when the voltage


between point A is equal to the voltage between
point B, the null detector will indicate zero
( Ig = 0A).That means no current flow through
the load.
THE CONDITIONS FOR BALANCE
BRIDGE (NULL CONDITION)

When the wheatstone is balance, three condition


must be consider which is:
• Voltage between the resistor arm is equal
VA = VB or VR3 = VR4
• No current flow to Galvanometer (Ig= 0 A) and the current
flows through R2 is equal to the current flows through R4.
• The ratio of resistors on both side of the bridge are equals.
DERIVATION GENERAL BRIDGE BALANCE
EQUATION FOR WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

R1 R2

V B
A G

R3 Rx=R4
Example 1:
Based on figure 4.2, derive the equation for R4 if
the bridge is in balance condition.

Figure 4.2
SOLUTION:
THE CALCULATION UNKNOWN
RESISTANCE IN BALANCED BRIDGE

EXAMPLE 2
The Wheatstone Bridge figure 4.3 has R1 = 10
KΩ and R2 = 15KΩ. At balance point, R3 =
40KΩ. Calculate the value of unknown
resistance, R4.

Figure 4.3
SOLUTION:
From the bridge balance equation we have:

Therefore:

 
Example 3

Given value R1 = 1.5KΩ, R2 = 1KΩ, R3 = 3KΩ &


Rx = 2KΩ. Prove the bridges in balance condition.
Solution:
The bridges in balance condition when:

R3 R2  Rx R1
(3k )(1k )  (2k )(1.5k )
3M  3M ( The bridges is in balance condition)

16
CONSTRUCTION WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT
FOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Kelvin Bridge

• Definition: The Kelvin bridge or


Thompson bridge is used for measuring
the unknown resistances having a value in
the range of 1Ω to approximately
0.000001Ω (1 µΩ). It is the modified form
of the Wheatstone Bridge.

18
What is the need of Kelvin
Bridge?
• Wheatstone bridge use for measuring the
resistance from a few ohms to several kilo-
ohms. But error occurs in the result
when it is used for measuring the low
resistance. This is the reason because of
which the Wheatstone bridge is modified,
and the Kelvin bridge obtains. The Kelvin
bridge is suitable for measuring the low 
resistance.
19
Modification of Wheatstone Bridge

• In Wheatstone Bridge, while measuring


the low-value resistance, the resistance of
their lead and contacts increases the
resistance of their total measured value.
This can easily be understood with the
help of the circuit diagram.

20
21
22
23
24
• The above equation shows that if the
galvanometer connects at point d then the
resistance of lead will not affect their results.
• The above mention process is practically not
possible to implement. For obtaining the desired
result, the actual resistance of exact ratio
connects between the point m and n and the
galvanometer connects at the junction of the
resistor.

25
26
27
28
29
TUTORIAL

1. Figure 4.4 below shows a diagram of Wheatstone


bridge with constant of R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 1000Ω and R3
= 200Ω. Determine the value for the unknown arm, R4 if
the bridge is in balance

Figure 4.4
TUTORIAL

2. Construct the wheatstone bridge circuit for


unknow resistance (Rx) measurement and
calculate the value of Rx if R1 = 1KΩ , R2=2KΩ ,
R3 = 1.3KΩ
TUTORIAL

Refer to figure below, calculate the Rx when the


bridges balance.

200Ω

750Ω 800Ω

32
Questions

Calculate the value of unknown resistance at the


Wheatstone bridge in Figure 3, assuming the
bridge to be in balanced condition.
Solution:
R1 = 2kΩ, R2= 10kΩ, R3 = 5kΩ, and
R4 = Rx
R1 R4  R2 R3
R2
Rx  R3
R1
10k  5k
Rx 
2k
Rx  25k 33
Questions

A Wheatstone bridge has R2 = 3.5 kΩ, R3 = 5.51kΩ


and R1 = 7 kΩ.
(a) Calculate for Rx
(b) Determine the measurement range if R3 is
adjusted from 1 kΩ - 8kΩ

Ans:
(a) 2.755 kΩ (b) 500Ω - 4 kΩ

34
Questions

1. Given the Wheatstone bridge with R1 = 15


kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, and R3 = 4.5 kΩ. Find RX.
2. Calculate the current through the
Galvanometer in the circuit. Given R1 = 1 kΩ,
R2 = 1.6 kΩ, R3 = 3.5 kΩ, R4 = 7.5 kΩ, RG =
200Ω and V = 6V.

Ans: 1. 3KΩ, 2.

35
REFERENCES

• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New


Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques, Prentice
Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning

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