Computer Network Design -

Readings-1
Douglas E. Comer Internetworking with TCP/IP Prentice Hall 1995
Stephen A. Thomas Ipng and the TCP/IP Protocols John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 1996
S. Keshav An Engineering Approach to ComputerNetworking Addison-
Wesley 1997
Ravindra K. Ahuja Network Flows (Theory, Algorithms, Applications)
Prentice Hall 1993
Andrew Tanenbaum Computer Networks, Prentice Hall 1992
Trevor Housley Data Communication and Teleprocessing Systems
Prentice Hall 1987
William Stallings Computer Network Organization Prentice Hall 1992
Sidnie Feit Wide Area High Speed Networks Macmillan Technical
Publishing 1999
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Calculatoare
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296
Computer Network Design -
Readings-1
Reference Books:

William Stallings
Data & Computer Communications (sixth edition)
Prentice Hall 2000

Andrew Tanenbaum:
Reţele de calculatoare;
Computer Press Agora 1997 (ediţia a treia)
William Stallings
Data and Computer
Communications

Chapter 1
Introduction
A Communications Model
 Source
 generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
 Carries data
 Receiver
 Converts received signal into data
 Destination
 Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications
Model - Diagram
Key Communications Tasks
 Transmission System Utilization
 Interfacing
 Signal Generation
 Synchronization
 Exchange Management
 Error detection and correction
 Addressing and routing
 Recovery
 Message formatting
 Security
 Network Management
Simplified Data
Communications Model
Networking
 Point to point communication not usually
practical
 Devices are too far apart
 Large set of devices would need impractical number
of connections
 Solution is a communications network
Simplified Network Model
Wide Area Networks
 Large geographical area
 Crossing public rights of way
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits
 Alternative technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Virtual Circuit
Circuit Switching
 Dedicated communications path established for
the duration of the conversation
 e.g. telephone network
 DWDM
Packet Switching
 Data sent in sequence
 May be received out of sequence
 Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
 Packets passed from node to node between
source and destination
 Used for terminal to computer and computer to
computer communications
Integrated Services Digital
Network
 ISDN
 Designed to replace public telecom system
 Wide variety of services
 Entirely digital domain
Local Area Networks
 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization as attached
devices
 Data rates much higher ?
 Usually broadcast systems
 Now switched systems are used
Protocols
 Used for communications between entities in a system
 Must speak the same language
 Entities
 User applications
 e-mail facilities
 terminals
 Systems
 Computer
 Terminal
 Remote sensor
Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 Data formats
 Signal levels
 Semantics
 Control information
 Error handling
 Timing
 Speed matching
 Sequencing
Protocol Architecture
 Task of communication broken up into modules
 For example file transfer could use three
modules
 File transfer application
 Communication service module
 Network access module
Simplified File Transfer
Architecture
A Three Layer Model
 Network Access Layer
 Transport Layer
 Application Layer
Network Access Layer
 Exchange of data between the computer and
the network
 Sending computer provides address of
destination
 May invoke levels of service
 Dependent on type of network used (LAN,
packet switched etc.)
Transport Layer
 Reliable data exchange
 Independent of network being used
 Independent of application
Application Layer
 Support for different user applications
 e.g. e-mail, file transfer
Addressing Requirements
 Two levels of addressing required
 Each computer needs unique network address
 Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer
needs a unique address within the computer
 The service access point or SAP
Protocol Architectures and
Networks
Protocols in Simplified
Architecture
Protocol Data Units (PDU)
 At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
 Control information is added to user data at each
layer
 Transport layer may fragment user data
 Each fragment has a transport header added
 Destination SAP
 Sequence number
 Error detection code
 This gives a transport protocol data unit
Network PDU
 Adds network header
 network address for destination computer
 Facilities requests
Operation of a Protocol
Architecture
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
 Developed by the US Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet
switched network (ARPANET)
 Used by the global Internet
 No official model but a working one.
 Application layer
 Host to host or transport layer
 Internet layer
 Network access layer
 Physical layer
Physical Layer
 Physical interface between data transmission
device (e.g. computer) and transmission
medium or network
 Characteristics of transmission medium
 Signal levels
 Data rates
 etc.
Network Access Layer
 Exchange of data between end system and
network
 Destination address provision
 Invoking services like priority
Internet Layer (IP)
 Systems may be attached to different networks
 Routing functions across multiple networks
 Implemented in end systems and routers
Transport Layer (TCP)
 Reliable delivery of data
 Ordering of delivery
Application Layer
 Support for user applications
 e.g. http, SMPT
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Model
OSI Model
 Open Systems Interconnection
 Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 Seven layers
 A theoretical system delivered too late!
 TCP/IP is the de facto standard
OSI Layers
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical
OSI v TCP/IP
Standards
 Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment
 Advantages
 Ensures a large market for equipment and software
 Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
 Disadvantages
 Freeze technology
 May be multiple standards for the same thing
Standards Organizations
 Internet Society
 ISO
 ITU-T (formally CCITT)
 IEEE
 ATM forum
Further Reading
 Stallings, W. Data and Computer
Communications (6th edition), Prentice Hall
1999 chapter 1
 Web site for Stallings book
 www.williamstallings.com
 Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO
 Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)