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The iphone

Mobile Computing
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1
The iPad
 Chapter Outline

 Fundamentals of Mobile computing

 Mobile Devices and Mobile OS
 Mobile Computing Issues and Challenges
 Mobile Computing Technologies
 Mobile Computing Applications

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 Fundamentals of Mobile computing
• Mobility: is the most important feature of a
wireless cellular communication system. Usually,
continuous service is achieved by supporting
handoff (or handover) from one cell to another.

• Handoff is the process of changing the channel

(frequency, time slot, spreading code, or
combination of them) associated with the
current connection while a call is in progress.
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 What is computing?

The activity of performing computations.

OR
Computing can also be defined as the activity of
using computer hardware and software for
some purpose .

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 Computing Trend
Size

Number One Computer for One

Person
One Computer for Many Many Computer for One
People (PC Computing) Person
(Mainframe Computing) (Pervasive Computing)

1960’s 1980’s 2000’s

 Mobile computing
• Mobile computing is the discipline for creating an information
management platform, which is free from spatial and temporal
constraints.

• The freedom from these constraints allows its users to access and
process desired information from anywhere in the space.

• A user can continue to access and manipulate desired data while

traveling on plane, in car, on ship, etc.

• Thus, the discipline creates an illusion that the desired data and
sufficient processing power are available on the spot, whereas in
reality they may be located far away.
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 Existing computing paradigms
Personal
Parallel
Computing
Computing

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Mobile Cloud
Computing Computing

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What is Mobile Computing?
 Mobile
 Able to move freely.
 Usually Wireless is need to move freely .

Computing
 The activity of performing computations.
A simple answer =>
• Performing computation in mobile units

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• Mobile Devices

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 Mobile devices
• A mobile computing device is any device that is created
using mobile components, such as mobile hardware
and software.

• Mobile computing devices are portable devices

capable of operating, executing and providing services
and applications like a typical computing device.

• Mobile computing devices also may be known as

portable computing devices or handheld computing
devices.
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 Different types of mobile devices
• Laptop
– Notebook
– Netbook
– Ultra-Mobile PC
• Communication devices
– pager
– Smartphone
– PDA &Pocket PC
– cell phone
– Cordless phone
• Tablet PC
• E-book readers
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Laptops, Notebook, & Netbooks

Laptops: 1991
Notebooks: 1996
Netbooks: 2006

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 Smart phone Functionality
• Voice calls (of course), Video calls
• Local File Storage
• Internet/Cloud Services
• Office Computing
• eBook Reader
• Multimedia Player
• Digital Audio/Video Recorder
• Location Based Services
• Context awareness
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 Communication devices…
• Cordless telephone
is a telephone with a wireless
handset that communicates
via radio wave with base station
connected to a fixed telephone line

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 Mobile devices…
Tablet PC
– portable personal computer equipped with
a touch screen as a primary input device and
designed to be operated and owned by an
individual.
– use virtual keyboards and handwriting
recognition for text input through the
touchscreen.
– Tablet PCs also can be connected to a full-size
keyboard and monitor

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• Two main types of tablet PCs:
• Convertible -look a lot like normal laptops
except the screen can be rotated all the way
around and laid down flat across the Keyboard.
• Slate- looks like a flat screen without a
keyboard

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 Tablet PC…
• advantage
– Great mobility
– Save money
• stationer costs stays in your pocket
– digital ink 
• record your handwriting and drawings

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 Mobile devices…
• E-book reader
– portable electronic device that
is designed primarily for the purpose
of reading digital books and publication.
Support
- Text to Speech
- Internet Capabilities( Wi-Fi ,3G)

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 Mobile Operating System
• An OS is a software interface that is responsible for
managing and operating hardware units and assisting the
user to use those units.

• Mobile OS : For mobile phones, OSs have been developed

to enable users to use Mobile devices in much the same
way as personal computers were used 1 or 2 decades ago. 

• Similar in principle to an operating system such as

Windows, Mac OS, or Linux that controls a desktop
computer or laptop.
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 Cont…

A mobile OS is a software platform on top of

which other programs called application
programs, can run on mobile devices such as
PDA, cellular phones, smartphone and etc.

The most well-known mobile OSs are Android,

iOS, Windows phone OS, and Symbian. 

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Mobile operating system differ from desktop OS in :
 mobile devices have constraints and restrictions
on their physical characteristic such as screen
size, memory, processing power and etc.

 Scarce availability of battery power

 Limited amount of computing and

communication capabilities
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Types of Mobile OS

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Symbian
– Market share(2010): 37.6%( #1 )
– License : open source
– Company: Nokia.
– CPU Architecture: ARM
– Programmed in: C++
– Application store: Symbian Horizon,Ovistore(10000+)
– Package manager: Nokia Ovi Suite
– Other: multi-touch, easily affordable cost
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 Symbian (Nokia)
• Pros
– Massive global reach
• Leads WW market with 62% of smartphone traffic
– being open source could help accelerate pace of
innovation( proprietary of Nokia)
– demand rate has ben continuously decreasing.
• Issues
– Limited reach in the US
– Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s app
store
– Manufacturer dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Android
– Market share(2010): 22.7%
– License : open source
– Company: Open Handset Alliance(Google).
– CPU Architecture: ARM, x86
– Programmed in: C, C++, Java
– Application store: Android market(100,000+)
– Package manager: APK
– Other: multi-touch, Linux
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 Android (Google)
• Pros:
– Open source => accelerate pace of
innovation
– Manufacturer-independent => could help
accelerate consumer adoption
– Technology support (e.g., touchscreen, GPS,
accelerometer, video and still cameras)

• Issues:
– Late to market relative to iPhone

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 Types of Mobile OS
• BlackBerry RIM OS
– Market share(2010): 16.0%
– License : Proprietary
– Company: Research in motion (RIM).
– CPU Architecture: ARM
– Programmed in: Java
– Application store: Blackberry App World(30000+)
– Package manager: Blackberry Desktop Manager
– Other: not multi-touch, push email service
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 BlackBerry OS (RIM)
• Pros:
– Large reach and data-hungry user base
• Leads US market with 31% of smartphone traffic
• #3in WW market with 11% of smartphone traffic
– Developers not limited to single distribution channel
• Issues:
– Less Developer momentum
– Application distribution more difficult today vs.
iPhone’s app store
– Users more email focused vs. web consuming iPhone
users
– RIM / hardware dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Apple iOS
– Market share(2010): 15.7%
– License : Proprietary
– Company: Apple.
– CPU Architecture: ARM
– Programmed in: C, C++, Objective-C
– Application store: Apple App Store(300,000+)
– Package manager: iTunes
– Other: Mac OS X, multi-touch, for iphone ,ipod touch
ipad, Apple Tv only
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 iPhone OS (Apple)
• Pros:
– Strong user growth and data-hungry user base
• More than 10 million iPhones sold
– Application store creating a vibrant app ecosystem with
great momentum
• More than 3K applications (~20% free)
• More than 1 million downloads
– Powerful technology (e.g., multi-touch, GPS,
accelerometer)
• Issues:
– App approval process is largely a black-box to developers
– Apps viewed as competitive to Apple are often shut down
– App store is the only authorized distribution channel
– Apple / hardware dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Windows Mobile
– Market share(2010): 4.2%
– License : Proprietary
– Company: Microsoft.
– CPU Architecture: ARM
– Programmed in: C++
– Application store: Windows Marketplace for Mobile
– Package manager: Windows Mobile Device Center/
ActiveSync
– Other: multi-touch, Windows CE
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 Windows Mobile
• Pros
– Strong user reach
• #2 in US market with 30% of smartphone traffic
– Manufacturer independent
– >18K apps
– Windows Mobile 7 support refurbish UI and multi-
touch
• Issues
– Less developer enthusiasm vs. that for iPhone and
Android
– Application distribution more difficult today vs.
iPhone’s app store

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Others
– Palm OS- mobile operating system initially
developed by Palm
– webOS – Mobile operating system from HP/Palm
– Bada - Mobile operating system developed by
Samsung Electronics
– MeeGo OS – from Nokia and Intel (open source,
GPL)

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Mobile computing issues & Challenges

• Location issues
• Connection Quality
• Device limitations
• Active transaction
• Security risks
• Wide variety terminals and devices with
different capabilities

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 Challenges

• Location
– Device location is always changing
– Mobility: challenges and opportunities
– Localization & Location sensitivity

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 Location…
• Localization is the ability of the architecture of the
mobile application to accommodate logic that allows
the selection of different business logic, level of
work flow, and interfaces based on a given set of
location information commonly referred to as
locales.
• E.g Location in Ethiopia currency ETB , TAX… e-
commerce Web sites are able to take into account
the different taxation rules depending on the locale
of the sale and the location of the purchase
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 Location…
• Location sensitivity is the ability of the device
and the software application to first obtain
location information while being used and
then to take advantage of this location
information in offering features and
functionality.

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Location-Based Applications (LBAs)

• Examples:

Location-based recommendations, geo-tagging

GeoLife: shopping list when near a grocery store
TrafficSense: real-time traffic conditions
Fieldworker assistant

• Location expresses context of user

– Facilitates content delivery
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 Connection ….
• Quality of Service
– Wireless connection is used usually
– mobility means loss of network connectivity
reliability.
– Frequent Disconnection
– Variable Bandwidth( indoor , outdoor)
– Heterogeneous Networks (2G,3G, Satellite, wifi..

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 Frequent Disconnections

· Handoff blank out (>1ms for most cellulars)

· Drained battery disconnection
· Voluntary disconnection (turned off to
preserve battery power, also off overnight)
· Theft and damage (hostile environment)
· Roam-off disconnections

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 Connection….
• Address Migration
– Existing applications send packets to a fixed network
address
– Need to support dynamically changing “local” addresses
as mobile device moves through network
Mobile IP
• Apps should stop & resume must know how to deal
with lack of reliable connectivity.
– E.g user traveling in a train and downloading report
using his PDA while passing through a tunnel .

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 Device limitation
 Mobile device issues
Short battery lifetime(power) (Lithium ion battery:
5 hrs max)
 Limited hardware (display, memory, disk space,
etc).
 Prone to theft and destruction
Unavailable (frequently powered-off)
 Few standards (hardware, architecture, etc)

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 Security Issues in Mobile Computing

• mobile computing is the communication

between computing devices without any
physical connection between them, we use
wireless networks to establish connections in
mobile computing.

• So there are always some chances of threats

and security issues due to wireless connections.

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 Security Issues in Mobile Computing
• Wireless Security Issues
– The denial of services or DOS attacks the attacker sends
a large amount of unnecessary data or connection
requests to the communication server. It causes a slow
network, and therefore the users cannot get benefitted
from using its service.

– Spoofing In this security issue, the attacker impersonates

him as an authorized account of another user and tries
to access the sensitive data and unauthorized services.

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 Security Issues in Mobile Computing
• Wireless Security Issues
– Eavesdropping It specifies that the attacker can log on
to the wireless network and access sensitive data if the
wireless network was not secure enough. This can also
be done if the information is not encrypted.

– Session Interception and Messages Modification This

scenario is called "man in the middle." It inserts the
attacker's host between the sender and receiver host.

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 Security Issues in Mobile Computing
• Device Security Issues
– These security issues and threats such as Virus, Spyware and Trojan may
damage or destroy the mobile devices and steal the information stored on
them.

• Mobility
– you may face these security threats due to a user's location, so you must
replicate the user profiles at different locations to allow roaming via different
places without any concern regarding access to personal and sensitive data
in any place and at any time. 

• Disconnections
– These types of security issues occur when mobile devices go to different
places. It occurs in the form of frequent disconnections caused by external
parties resulting in the handoff. 47
 Mobile computing application
• Transport
– position and tracking via GPS
– prevent accidents, navigation system.
– Tourist navigation

• Emergencies/ Disaster relief

– early transmission of patient data to the hospital,
current status, first diagnosis.
– earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.

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 Mobile computing application…
• Business
– M-Commerce: mobile E-commerce /shopping …
– M-Banking: offer mobile access to financial and account
information.
– Advertising: using SMS is becoming very popular in our country.
– Traveling salesperson
• Entertainment, education
– outdoor Internet access
– multi user games
– M-learning : E-learning

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 Device limitation …
• Varying user interface
– some alternative interfaces are voice user
interfaces, smaller displays, stylus and other
pointing devices, touch-screen displays, and
miniature keyboards
– For example, drivers who want to get some
directions to their destination may use a data-
enabled cellular phone.
– Most apps must be multichannel /multimodal

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 Active transaction
• Active transaction
– most stationary applications, passive systems
because they are in a passive state, waiting for
some external signal from the user to tell them to
start doing some particular thing..
– then comes message based system any one
participant in the system could send a message to
another participant in the system. and, if desired,
in an asynchronous manner.

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 Active transaction..
• Later came the idea of push. In the push model of
communication, an information producer announces the
availability of certain types of information, an interested
consumer subscribes to this information, and the producer
periodically publishes the information (pushes it to the
consumer).
• There is much in common between the concepts of
messaging systems and push systems. The principle
difference is that messaging systems are asynchronous by
definition. This requirement does not exist for push based
systems. Push systems, by definition, are active systems.

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 Active transaction…
• we will define active transactions as those
transactions initiated by the system. Active
transactions may be synchronous or
asynchronous.
• Synchronous transactions are time dependent
transactions.

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Dashen bank
• The first mobile
Banking service in
Ethiopia

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 Mobile computing application…
• Location aware
– find services in the local environment, e.g. printer
– nearest cash ATM/ shop / restaurant/hotel
• Web access & Communication
– outdoor Internet access
– Electronic Mail
– Chatting
• Application Services in general
– push: e.g., breaking news info
– pull: e.g., nearest cash ATM

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 NextBus: Customer Service
• The Problem
– Buses in San Francisco have difficulty keeping to 20
minute schedule during rush hours
– Posted schedule becomes meaningless
• The Solution
– Bus riders carrying Internet-enabled cell phone or
PDA helps:
• Find estimated arrival time at each stop, digitally in real time
• Soon location-based advertisements will pop up—you have time to
get a cup of coffee before the bus arrives—Starbuck’s is 200 feet to
the right 58
 NextBus (cont.)

• The Results
– Passengers in San Francisco are happy with the
system
• Worries about missing the bus are diminished
• May discover they have time for a cup of coffee
before the bus arrives
– Bus company can:
• Schedule better
• Arrange for extra buses when needed
• Improve operations

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NextBus Operational Model

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 Mobile Computers
• CPUs
– Multiple cores
– Mega Hertz. 1 Giga Hertz new
• RAM
– 512 MB, common in 2011
– in Giga Bytes new
• Persistent Storage
– 32 GB MicroSD common in 2011

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 Limitations of the Mobile Computer

· Short battery lifetime (max ~ 5 hours)

· Subject to theft and destruction => unreliable
· Highly unavailable (normally powered-off to
conserve battery)
· Limited capability (display, memory, input
devices, and disk space)
· Lack of de-facto general architecture: hand-
helds, communicators, laptops, and other
devices
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• Support for multiple platforms

?????

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 Mobile software development(WHY?)

• Motivation
In Africa:
– + 1 billion people
– + 30 million computers
– + 264 million mobiles
• Largest growth rate of mobile subscribers
• For most Africans/Ethiopians , our mobile is
our only computing device!

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 Mobile Application Marketplaces
•  Google, Apple, Nokia, Palm, etc. have mobile
marketplaces where one can sell applications.
–  Application delivery over the Network!
•  Apple iPhone App store:
–  350,000 applications
–  1 Billion downloads !
–  $1 Million USD a day in sales!

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 Mobile Software Development
• Challenges
–Different Operating Systems.
–Different Screen Size.
• are a challenge even on the same OS
–Different Input methods.
• Keyboard (Keypad – Keyboard – Soft Keyboard),
• TrackBall/Joystick, Pen (Handwriting), Touch,
• Microphone (Voice Command), Camera (Image
Recognition), GPS
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–Different Hardware Architectures.
• most dominant architectures in the
market of CPUs is the ARM architecture
–Limited computing capabilities.
–Lack of good language support
–Security
• Always shared medium
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 Why Android?
• Open source
• Easy to develop
• Wide tech support

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 Developers Toolkits…

• To start to develop you need:

– JDK
– Eclipse IDE
– ADT plug-in
– Android SDK

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 Mobile Application

•  Group project developing mobile app and

demo.

• A chance to demonstrate your creativity!

• Surprise price for the Best App!

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 Application Categories
•  Informational
–  Converters, weather, area-guides, finance
–  Location-based
•  Data Entry
–  Business records, medical records, exercise
–  Send info to server for aggregation?
•  Multimedia
–  Camera, video, music, photos, ringtones
•  Shopping
–  m-commerce, compare prices
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 Application Categories
•  (Social) Networks
–  IM, MySpace, Facebook
•  Communication
–  Skype, VoIP, SMS
•  Business productivity
–  spreadsheets, inventory
•  Utilities
–  Torch (flashlight), notepad, stopwatch
•  Games
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 Summary
• Basics of Mobile computing
• Mobile computing applications
• Different types of mobile devices
• Issues in Mobile computing
• Mobile OS
• Mobile Software Development

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