UNIT – 3

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
HYDRAULIC VALVE

 Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of

control devices called hydraulic valves.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 2

Types of Valves

1. Directional control

valves
2. Pressure control valves
3. Flow control valves
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 3
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
VALVES
 Direction control valves are used to control the
direction of flow in a hydraulic circuit.
 They are used to extend, retract, position or
reciprocate hydraulic cylinder and other components
for linear motion.
 Valves contains ports that are external openings for
fluid to enter and leave via connecting pipelines.
 The number of ports on a directional control valve
(DCV ) is usually identified by the term “ way”. For
example, a valve with four ports is named as four-
way valve.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 4

Classification of direction
control valves
 According to type of construction :
 Poppet valves
 Spool valves
 According to number of working ports :
 Two- way valves
 Three – way valves
 Four- way valves.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 5

Classification of direction
control valve
 According to number of Switching position:
 Two – position
 Three - position
 According to Actuating mechanism:
 Manual actuation
 Mechanical actuation
 Solenoid ( Electrical ) actuation
 Hydraulic ( Pilot ) actuation
 Pneumatic actuation
 Indirect actuation
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 6
 Designation of direction
control valves
 The designation of the directional control
valve refers to the number of working ports
and the number of switching positions.
Thus a valve with 2 service ports and 2
switching positions is designated as 2 / 2 way
valve.

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 2/3 way valve

A valve with 3 service ports and 2 position is designated as

2 / 3 way valve.

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 2/4 way valve

 A valve with 4 service ports and 2 position is

designated as 2 / 4 valve.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 9

 3/4 way valve
A valve with 4 Service ports and 3 Switching
position is designated as 3 / 4 way valve. Fig 4
shows an example of open centered position

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 10

POPPET VALVE (CHECK
VALVE)

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 11

Advantages and disadvantages
 Advantages of these valves are;
 No Leakage as it provides absolute sealing.
 Long useful life, as there are no leakage of oil flows.
 May be used with even the highest pressures, as no
hydraulic sticking (pressure dependent deformation )
and leakages occurs in the valve.
 The disadvantages of these valves are;
 Large pressure losses due to short strokes
 Pressure collapse during switching phase due to
negative overlap ( connection of pump, actuator and
tank at the same time ).
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 12
 SPOOL VALVE
 The spool valve consists of a spool which is a
cylindrical member that has large- diameter
lands machined to slide in a very close- fitting
bore of the valve body. The spool valves are
sealed along the clearance between the
moving spool and the housing. The degree of
sealing depends on the size of the gap, the
viscosity of the fluid and especially on the
level of pressure.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 13

TWO WAY VALVE (2/2 DCV)

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 3 way DCV
 Generally, these valves are used to operate single- acting
cylinders.
 Three-way directional valves are available for manual,
mechanical, pilot, solenoid actuation. These valves may
be two-position, or three -position.
 These valves are normally closed valves ( i.e. the
pump port is blocked when the valve is not
operating ). The three-way valve ports are inlet from
the pump, working ports , and exhaust to tank.
 These ports are generally identified as follows : P=
pressure( Pump)port ; A or B = working port and T =
tank port.
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 15
2/3 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 16

 Spool Position 1 & 0
.Spool position 1: When the valve is
actuated, the spool moves towards
left . In this position flow from pump
enters the valve port P and flows out
through the port A as shown by the
straight- through line and arrow ( fig
a). In this position, port T is blocked
by the spool.

Spool position 0: when the valve

is un-actuated by the absence of
hand force, the valve assumes this
position by the action of spring In
this position, port P is blocked by
the spool. Flow from the actuator
can go to the tank from A to T as
shown by straight – through line
and arrow

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 17

 4 way DCV
 These valves are generally used to operate
cylinders and fluid motors in both directions
hydraulically.
 The four ways are Port P that is connected to
pump, tank port T, and two working ports A
and B connected to the actuator.
 These valves are available with a choice of
actuation, manual, mechanical, solenoid,
pilot & pneumatic.
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 18
 Three position Four way
valve

 Three switching position

 4 ways or ports
 P - connected to pump
 T - connected to tank
 A - connected to left end of double acting
cylinder.
 B - connected to right end of cylinder

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 19

Working principle of 4/3 way valve

 When left end of the valve is actuated P is

connected to working port A and working
port B is connected to T.
 When right end of the valve is actuated P is
connected to B and A is connected to T.
 When valve is un – actuated it will be at
center position due to the balancing opposing
spring forces.
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 20
Centre configuration of 3/4 way
direction control valve

 Open center
 Closed center
 Tandem center
 Floating center
 Regenerative center with open, closed and
tandem.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 21

Open center (mid position)

 All ports are open to each other in the center position.

 Pump flow is directed to the tank at atmospheric
pressure.
 At the same time actuator can be moved freely by
applying an external force.
 No work can be done by any part of the system as long
as the valve remains at the center, since the fluid
always follows path of least resistance.
 This means that other auxiliary device cannot function
using pressure energy.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 22

Open center (mid position)

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 23

Open center

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 24

 Closed center

 All ports are closed to each other.

 Hence actuator connected to port A and B
hydraulically locked cannot be moved by an
external force.
 The pump flow must go over the pressure
relief valve.
 It wastes pump power, increase wear and
shorten pump life.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 25

Closed center

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 26

 Tandem center

 The working ports A and B are blocked.

 Pump port p is connected to tank port T.
 It unloads the pump at atmospheric pressure.
 Application of this type of centre
configuration is to hold a cylinder or hydraulic
motor under load.
 To permit the pump flow to series of valves in
multiple circuitry.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 27

Tandem center 3/4 way valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 28

 Regenerative centre

 Regenerative means the flow generated from system

itself.
 This type of configuration is used whenever the actuator
movement in one direction requires two different
speeds.
 Part of length of extending stroke of actuator requiring
fast movement during no load condition and remaining
length slow controlled motion.
 During fast extending the DCV is un-actuated thereby by
spring forces it comes to the mid position. This center
saves on additional pump capacity required.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 29

Double acting cylinder connected to
regenerative center

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 30

Regenerative center 3/4 way valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 31

 Floating center 3/4 way valve
DCV
 In this position the pump port is blocked and the
two working ports A and B are connected to tank
port T.
 Since the working ports A and B are connected
to tank T, the actuator can be moved freely
without any external force and hence the name
floating.
 In the mid position the pump flow must go over
the relief valve when flow is not being used for
any other parts of the circuit
CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 32
Floating center 3/4 DCV

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 33

 2/4 DCV

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 34

 2/4 DCV

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 35

Actuation of direction control
valves
Manually – actuated valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 36

 Actuation of DCV
Manually – actuated valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 37

Solenoid actuated

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 38

Symbol for single and double solenoid
actuated 2/4 way DCV

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 39

Hydraulic or pilot actuated
valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 40

Pneumatic actuation

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 41

Indirect actuation of DCV
(electro – hydraulic)

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 42

Symbol for indirect actuated closed
center 3/4 way DCV

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 43

Shuttle valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 44

  Pressure control valves

 Types of pressure control valve

 Direct operated type

 Pilot operated type

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 45

Pressure relief valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 46

Partial hydraulic circuit showing
relief valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 47

Pressure reducing valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 48

Application of pressure reducing
valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 49

Unloading valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 50

Application of unloading valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 51

Sequence valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 52

Application of sequence
valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 53

Counter balance valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 54

 Application of counter balance
valve

Vertical presses, loaders, lift trucks and other machine tool

that must position or suspended load.

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 55

 FLOW CONTROL VALVES
 Classification of flow control valve

 Fixed flow control valve

 Adjustable flow control valve
 Throttling flow control valve
 Pressure compensated flow control valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 56

Symbols for flow control valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 57

Globe valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 58

Butterfly valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 59

NON PRESSURE COMPANSATED
FLOW CONTROL VALVE

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 60

Pressure compensated flow
control valve

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 61

Meter in operation

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 62

Meter out application

CONTROL COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 63