CSNB153 Computer

Systems

Chapter 2 Computer Evolution

• A long time ago, human are using
their fingers, stones etc to do
calculation.
• At the same time, they are trying to create
an apparatus that could facilitate the
calculation process.
• After a few trial, finally the complex
and advance calculation system has
been produced and it is known as a2

computer.
• The History & Evolution Of Computer
Basically, the history of computer
development is divided into 2 parts :
before 1940 & after 1940 .

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4
 Abacus Counting Device
• Created on 3000
B.D. at Babylonia.
• Was the first
mechanical
counting device in
the world.
• Able to execute
addition and
subtraction 5

operation .
John Napier's Bone
 Created on 1614 by John
Napier.
 Facilitate multiplication and
division processes – faster &
easier.
 The first logarithm
table has been created.

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 Pascaline Machine
• Created on 1642 by Braise Pascal.
• Was the first mechanical machine
or calculator in the world.
• Able to execute addition and
subtraction processes.

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Babbage Differentiation
Machine
• Created by Charles Babbage on 1821.
• Was the first mechanical machine which
is used the steam power.
• Able to do a calculation and printing
the output automatically.

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Babbage Analytical
Engine
• It has five (5) main parts :
 Input unit
 Output unit
 Processing Unit
 Control unit
 Memory unit
• His invention has became a theory
model for today's computer
technology. Because of that,
Charles Babbage has been known
as The Ancestor of A Modern
Computer 9
10
 Computer Evolution
First
MARK ENIA
Generation UNIVA IB
Von
1 C C M
Neuman
n
Machine
Second
Generation
Transistors

Third
Gener
ation
Integrated Circuit

May Systems and 11

2014 Networking
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 Von
Neuman IBM
MARK ENIA UNIVA
n
1 C / Turing C
Machine

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 Mark 1
• Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard Aikern in
conjunction with IBM.
• Was the first electro-mechanical
computer.
• Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height and
connected with 800 km of wire.

Age of computers-The trilogy(ii) - www.boddunan.com

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 Von
Neuman IBM
MARK ENIA UNIVA
n
1 C / Turing C
Machine

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 ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
 ENIAC was created to help with the war
effort against German forces.Used until
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 ENIAC
• Decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by
switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second
• 1000 times faster than Mark 1.
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http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/eniac.htm

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 Von
MARK Neuman
ENIA UNIVA IBM
1 n
C / Turing C
Machine

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 Von Neumann / Turing
• Machine
Stored Program concept
 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions
from memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated
by control unit

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Von Neumann / Turing Machine
- Example

http://www.arcadefire.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/turing11.jpg
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Von Neumann Machine -
Structure Central Processing Unit
(CPU)

Arithmetic Logic
Unit
(CA)
Main Memory I/O Equipment
(M) (I,O)

Program Control
Unit (CC)

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 Von Neumann / Turing Machine
•(2)
Princeton Institute for Advanced
Studies
 IAS
• Completed 1952

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 IAS
• 1000 x 40 bit words
 Binary number
 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
 Memory Buffer Register – contains word to be stored/received from
in memory or sent to i/o unit.
 Memory Address Register – specifies the address in memory of the
word to be written from or read into MBR.
 Instruction Register - contains 8-bit operation code
instruction being executed.
 Instruction Buffer Register – to hold temporarily the instruction
 Program Counter – contain address of the next instruction.
 Accumulator
hold temporarily operands and result of ALU
operation.
 Multiplier Quotient
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 IAS – Structure
Arithmetic-logic Unit
(ALU)
AC MQ
I/O
Arithmetic-logic Circuits Equipme
nt (I,O)
MBR

IBR P
C
IR MAR
Main Memory (M)
Control Contro
Circuits l
Signals
Program Control 25
Unit Systems and
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IAS Computer -
Example

http://www.comsci.us/history/images/ias.jpg
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 Von
MARK Neuman
ENIA UNIVA IBM
1 n
C / Turing C
Machine

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Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC)

Late
1950
1947 UNIVAC
UNIVAC I
Eckert-Mauchly
II
Formed Part of
Computer Corporation
(to manufacture
Sperry-
computer commercially) Rand
Corporation
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•
 UNIVAC -
Example

CGMB143

http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/still-image/UNIVAC/Univac_1.charles_collingwood.1952.102645279.lg.jpg
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 Von
Neuman
MARK ENIA UNIVA IBM
n
1 C / Turing C
Machine

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IBM

700/7000
series
1955
The 702
Business
1953 Application
s
The
701
IBM 1st stored program computer
Scientific Calculations 31

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 IBM 701

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IBM 702

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 IBM 700/7000

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NASAComputerRoom7090.
NARA.jpg/280px-NASAComputerRoom7090.NARA.jpg
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Transistors
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
• Replaced vacuum tubes: wires, metal
plates, glass capsule and vacuum.
• Solid State device made from silicon.

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Advantages of Transistors
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat
dissipation

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Transistors Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small
transistor machines
• IBM 7000
• Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC)
- 1957
 Produced PDP-1 – first mini
computer phenomenon.
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40
Integrated Circuit
/Microelectronics
• Literally -
“small
electronics”
• Transistors were replaced
by integrated circuits(IC)
• One IC could replace
hundreds of
transistors
• This made computers
even smaller and faster.
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Later Generation Computers
• In 1970 the Intel Corporation invented
the Microprocessor: an entire CPU on
one chip
• This led to microcomputers-computers on
a desk

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Later Generation Computers
• This transformation was a result of the invention of the
microprocessor.
• A microprocessor (uP) is a computer that is fabricated on
an
integrated circuit (IC).
• Computers had been around for 20 years before the
first microprocessor was developed at Intel in 1971.

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Intel
Year Comput Description
er
Name
1971 4004 • First microprocessor
• All CPU components on a
single chip
• 4 bit
1972 8008 • 8 bit
• Both designed for
specific applications
1974 8080 • Intel’s first general purpose
microprocessor
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 Additional Reference
• William Stallings, Computer Organization
and Architecture: Designing for
Performance, 8th. Edition, Prentice-Hall
Inc., 2010

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Apple 1 -
1976

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