AT 100 – AUTOMOTIVE
SERVICE AND
SHOPWORK
CHAPTER I –
INTRODUCTION TO
AUTOMOBILE
LESSON I –
AUTOMOTIVE HISTORY
Etymology of Word “Automobile”
The word Automobile derives from two French Words “Auto” and
“mobile”, which translates to self-moving.
The first car was built by Joseph Cugnot in 1769. It
was powered by a steam engine and was very slow.
Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir was the first to build the one cylinder
engine, internal-combustion engine, was later patent.
Nikolaus August Otto built the first four cylinder engine.
In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler designed the first four wheeled automobile.
They also created the first v-slanted engine.
Karl Benz, know as one of the founders of Mercedes-Benz, is the first to
Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach with Benz’s manufacturing firm
in 1926 to create Daimler-Benz. The joint company makes cars today
Henry Ford, a famous car company founder, designed the world’s biggest
car manufacturer, manufacturing over 15 million Model Ts by 1927
Hybrid cars have also been around since the 1900’s.
In the 1900’s Ford made more steam and electric cars than it did gasoline.
The first hybrid commercial truck was built in 1910, and as the gasoline
engine was refined interest in hybrids died down.
As problems with environment and
gas process continue, Hybrids are
now a hot commodity in the
market place and are now the new
wave of future cars
END OF LESSON
ACTIVITY #1
DRAW ATLEAST ONE BRAND LOGO OF
A VEHICLE AND BRIEFLY EXPLAIN
HOW DO THEY STARTED?
DRAW IT IN A WHITE BOND PAPER AND SEND IT IN THE MVLE.
EXAMPLE:
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION WAS
FOUNDED IN JAPAN BY KIICHIRO
Lesson II – Classification of
Vehicle by Motive Power &
Drive Method
Classification By Motive
Power
1. Gasoline engine vehicle
- vehicle that uses gasoline fuel.
- it produce high power & widely used in
passenger vehicles.
2. Diesel Engine Vehicle
- vehicle that uses diesel fuel.
- it produce large torque & offer good economy.
- widely used in trucks & SUVs.
3. Hybrid Vehicle
- Equipped with gasoline engine & electric motor.
- System of wheel driver uses 270V, on the other hand,
other electric 12V.
4. Electric Vehicle
- Vehicle that uses the power of the batteries to
operate the electric motor.
- zero emission
- Low noise during operation
5. Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle
- Vehicle that uses electric energy that is
created when the hydrogen fuel reacts with
oxygen in the air to form water.
- Ultimate form of low – pollution vehicle.
Classification By Drive
Method
1. FF(Front – engine, Front drive)
2. FR(Front engine, Rear Drive)
3. 4WD ( 4 – Wheels Drive)
3. RMR – (Rear mid engine, Rear wheel Drive)
3. RMR-T ( Rear mid engine transversely mounted Rear - Wheel Drive)
END OF LESSON
Lesson III – VEHICLE
COMPOSITION
Vehicle Composition:
1. Engine
2. Drive train
3. Chassis
- Suspension
- Steering
- Brake
4. Engine Electrical
5. Body Electrical
6. Body
END OF LESSON
Lesson IV – BODY
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
Vehicle Design
Think of the body shape as a collection of boxes
Vehicle Design
Hatchback
Hatchbacks have a back door instead of a trunk
They are sometimes known as either three-door
hatchbacks (3HB) or five-door hatchbacks
(5HB), depending on the number of doors.
Vehicle Design
Sedan
Sedans have a common three-box body shape
Vehicle Design
Coupe
Coupes have a short roof that connects to the end of the body
Coupes will often have less rear seat room
compared to a sedan.
Vehicle Design
Multi-Purpose Vehicle
MPVs have a versatile body style
These vehicles can be used for a variety of
purposes in accordance with owners’ lifestyles or
hobbies.
Vehicle Design
Sport Utility Vehicle
SUVs have a tall body style
Vehicle Design
Pickup Truck
Pickup trucks have a closed cabin and open cargo area
The cabin and cargo area are often available in a
variety of shapes and sizes
Body & Chassis
Body & Chassis
GOA (Global Outstanding
Assessment)
The GOA clears the strictest crash
safety targets established by Toyota
to address various types of accident
configurations. It consists of the
world's top-level energy-absorbing
body and high strength cabin.
The crushable front and rear body
zones and the various highly rigid
areas of the cabin effectively
absorb and dissipate the energy of
the collision. Thus, it is a type of
crash safety body that minimizes
the deformation of the cabin.
Body & Chassis
Door side impact protection beam
The door side impact protection
beam is a type of reinforcement
material that is set in the door to
ensure door strength in a side
collision.
Door side impact protection beam
..\..\..\Downloads\Video\Toyota Global Outstanding Assessment (GOA) - YouTube.MKV
Body & Chassis
Body & Chassis
Body-on-frame
Monocoque
Body & Chassis
Body-on-Frame
Body & Chassis
Body-on-Frame
• The frame comprises a vehicle skeleton, to which the body,
engine, transmission, suspension, and other components are
attached.
Frames are characterized by a high degree of quietness and ride comfort since they make it less likely for vibrations
and noise from the road surface to be transferred to the body.
Body & Chassis
Toyota Vehicle with Body-on-Frame
LC 200 Prado Fortuner
FJ Cruiser Innova
Hilux Coaster
Body & Chassis
Unibody / Monocoque / Unitized
Body & Chassis
Unibody / Monocoque / Unitized
• A monocoque body is an integral body structure. Passenger
vehicles generally adopt this type of structure in order to reduce
vehicle weight.
The absence of a frame enables manufacturers to design vehicles that sit lower to the ground and vehicles with
larger cabins.
Body & Chassis
Toyota Vehicle with Unibody/Monocoque/Unitized
Camry Corolla Altis Alphard Rav4
Previa Avanza Vios Wigo
Yaris 86 Prius Hiace Family
END OF LESSON
Lesson V – Vehicle
Identification, Dimensions
& Weight
Vehicle Identification
Model
Grade V G E J
Diesel Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline
Variant
A/T A/T M/T A/T A/T M/T A/T M/T M/T M/T
It is important to familiarize the Grade and Variants of each model so we can offer the right unit for our
customers.
Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
•It is the identifying code for a SPECIFIC automobile. The VIN serves as the car's
fingerprint, as no two vehicles in operation have the same VIN. A VIN is composed of 17
characters (digits and capital letters) that act as a unique identifier for the vehicle. A VIN
displays the car's unique features, specifications and manufacturer. The VIN can be used
to track recalls, registrations, warranty claims, thefts and insurance coverage. The VIN,
which is required by the laws of the country to which the vehicle is exported, is punched
on the nameplate or vehicle body.
Example of a VIN plate
What do the numbers and letters in a VIN mean?
What do the 17 digits in a VIN mean? See the breakdown below of
the meaning behind each segment of the VIN:
Numbers indicated on the vehicle
Frame number or VIN (Vehicle
Identification Number) is punched
on the engine compartment or
chassis, etc. in addition to the
nameplate. Refer to the repair
manuals because the punched
locations vary with the vehicle types.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
• External Dimensions
• Internal Dimensions
• Weight
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Overall Length
• is the horizontal distance from the front most part of a vehicle
to its rearmost part
Moving parts such as backup mirrors and
retractable antennas are not included in the
measurement.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Overall Width
• is the maximum width of a
vehicle
If the vehicle is equipped with side protection moldings, the thickness of those parts is
included in the measurement. However, moving parts such as outside mirrors,
backup mirrors, and retractable antennas are not included in the measurement.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Overall Height
• is the vertical distance from the ground to a vehicle’s highest
point
Moving parts such as backup mirrors and retractable
antennas are not included in the measurement.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Tread
• distance between the centers of the left and right tires
Vehicles for which this value is large are said to have
There may be different values for the front and rear tread wide tread, which results in improved ride comfort and
driving stability.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Wheelbase
• distance from the center of the front wheels to the center of the
rear wheels
A short wheelbase decreases the minimum turning radius, making the vehicle more maneuverable. A long wheelbase
improves straight line stability and ride comfort and allows a more spacious cabin, increasing comfort.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Cabin Length
• distance from the top of the instrument safety pad to the point
directly above the top of the rear seatback
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Cabin Height
• maximum vertical distance from the top of the floor covering to the
headlining of the roof
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Room Width
Cabin Width
• maximum lateral distance between the trimmed interior body
surfaces
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Room Width
Shoulder Room
• Shoulder Room - width of the vehicle cabin measured across the
shoulder area
Interior measurement points and methods often vary depending on the country and manufacturer. Be sure to
encourage customers who are concerned about the interior dimensions to check the actual vehicle and see
whether it feels spacious to them, rather than relying on numbers alone.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Approach Angle
• angle formed by the road and a line connecting the bottom of the
front of a vehicle’s body (such as the front bumper or engine
undercover) to the point at which its front tires contact the ground
A smaller approach angle makes it more likely that a vehicle’s front bumper will be damaged when
transitioning from a downgrade to a level road.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Departure Angle
• angle formed by the road and a line connecting the rearmost part of
a vehicle’s body, such as its rear bumper or exhaust pipe (tailpipe),
to the point at which its rear tires contact the ground
A smaller departure angle makes it more likely that a vehicle’s rear bumper will be damaged when
transitioning from a level road to an upgrade.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Ground Clearance
• is the distance from the body’s lowest point to the ground
excessively low ground clearance makes contact with Generally speaking, low minimum ground clearance results in
obstructions on the road more likely and may cause a lower center of gravity and improves driving stability.
contact between the body and the road when entering or
exiting a hill
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Overhang
• is the distance from the front/rear axle centerline to the frontmost /
rearmost part of the vehicle
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Ramp Breakover Angle
• angle formed by the two lines connecting any point on the bottom
of a vehicle to the front tire contact patch and the rear tire contact
patch.
This angle is an important factor in determining vehicle
clearance when driving over bumps on a rough road.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Minimum Turning Radius Effective Turning Radius
• the radius of the circle traced on the road • the radius of the circle traced by the
by the center of the outside front tire’s outermost part of a vehicle’s body when it
track when driving slowly with the is driven slowly with the steering wheel
steering wheel turned as far as it will go turned as far as it will go
Generally speaking, the smaller the Minimum and Effective
turning radius, the more maneuverable the vehicle will be.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Curb Weight
Some countries include the driver’s
weight in computing for the curb
weight.
Vehicle Dimensions & Weight
Gross Weight • Obtained by adding weight of full load of occupants and
manufacturer designated cargo load to Curb Weight
Seating Capacity (ex. 5 Max Cargo load
passengers @ 75kg each) (ex. 35kg)
1,500 kg + (75 kg * 5) + 35 kg = 1,910 kg
Curb Weight (ex. 1,500kg)
To calculate how much a vehicle can carry, refer to the
difference between GVW & Curb weight.
END OF LESSON
