WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY
& PRACTICE
GEC218
LECTURE 2
17th OCTOBER, 2016
ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES
ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS VITAL FOR ALL LIVING
BEING ON EARTH.
MODERN LIFE DEPENDS ON:
FASTER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
FASTER COMMUNICATION
FASTER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS VITAL FOR ALL LIVING
BEING ON EARTH.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES
MODERN LIFE DEPENDS ON:
FASTER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
FASTER COMMUNICATION
FASTER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
What is Energy?
We cannot see energy physically but we
can see and feel the effect in everyday
of our lives.
For example when you eat food, you
take in energy; you wake up to alarm
clock. You take a shower with warmed
water; you listen to music on the radio
as you dress.
What is Energy?
When we allow the sun to shine on our body; we
take some form of energy. When we walk and
move our bodies, we expend energy.
Energy is essential to our ways of life, to
economic progress and to raising and
maintaining living standard
The pursuit of economic growth and a better
quality of life in developing countries is driving
global energy demand.
These are services necessary for good and
enviable standard of living in the society.
Energy Consumption
Energy utilization or consumption
is divided into different categories:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Energy definition
One popular definition says energy is the
ability to move a body or and object to perform
work. The work may result to:
Heat generation
Motion
Lighting
Sound
Motive activities etc..
Types of Energy
We have different types of energy:
Mechanical Energy
Electrical energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Kinetic energy
Radiant energy
Gravitational energy
Elastic energy
Nuclear energy
Energy Transformation
Mechanical Energy – to –Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy – to – Mechanical Energy
Chemical Energy - to - Electrical Energy
Potential Energy – to – Kinetic Energy
Light Energy –to – Electrical Energy
Heat Energy –to – Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy – Electrical Energy
Sound Energy –to –Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy Sources & Production
There are two major divisions of electrical
energy sources:
We have Non – Renewable energy sources and
Renewable energy sources.
Examples of Non – renewable energy sources are
Gas powered electric generation systems
Coal powered electric generation
systems
Diesel powered electric generating
systems
Nuclear power system etc
Uses of Electricity
Lighting, heating, cooling and other domestic
electrical appliances used in home.
2. Street lighting, flood lighting of sporting arena,
office building lighting, powering PCs etc.
3. Irrigating vast agricultural lands using pumps
and operating cold storages for various
agricultural products.
4. Running motors, furnaces of various kinds, in
industries.
5. Running locomotives (electric trains) of
railways.
A.C generator
A.C power can be generated as a single phase
or as a balanced poly-phase system.
However, it was found that 3-phase power
generation at 50 Hz will be economical and
most suitable. Present day three phase
generators, used to generate 3-phase power
are called alternators (synchronous
generators).
A.C generator
An alternator has a balanced three phase
winding on the stator and called the
armature. The three coils are so placed in
space that there axes are mutually 120° apart
as shown in figure 1
From the terminals of the armature, 3-phase
power is obtained. Rotor houses a field coil
and excited by D.C. The field coil produces
flux and electromagnetic poles on the rotor
surface.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A POWER
GENERATING SYSTEM
Frequency, voltage & interconnected system
The frequency of the generated emf for a p polar
generator is given by f =p n where n s
2
speed of the generator in rps or f =p n when
120
n is in rpm.
Frequency of the generated voltage is
standardized to 50 Hz in Nigeria and several
European countries. In USA and Canada it is
60 Hz. The following table gives the rpm at which
the generators with different number of poles
Frequency, voltage & interconnected system
No of 2 4 6 8 10
Poles of
Generator
RPM of 3000 1500 1000 750 600
Generator
Parameters that determine the quality of electric power
supply
Frequency
constancy of the voltage level
maximum allowed variation is ±5% of the
Reference Voltage.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A POWER
GENERATOR SYSTEM
Thermal, hydroelectric & nuclear
power stations
In
this section we briefly
outline the basics of the
common and widely found in
generating stations in many
countries of the world –
thermal, hydroelectric and
nuclear power plants.
Thermal Power Plants
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear materials etc
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A THERMAL
GENERATING UNIT
Gas Turbine + Steam Turbine
(Combine Cycle)
Basic components of a Gas Turbine
power system
Hydroelectric power plants
In a hydroelectric power station, water head
is used to drive water turbine coupled to the
generator.
Water head may be available in hilly region
naturally in the form of water reservoir (lakes
etc.) at the hill tops.
The potential energy of water can be used to
drive the turbo generator set installed at the
base of the hills through piping called pen
stock.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Nuclear Power Plants
As coal reserve is not unlimited, there
is natural threat to thermal power
plants based on coal.
It is estimated that within next 30 to
40 years, coal reserve will exhaust if it
is consumed at the present rate.
Nuclear power plants are thought to
be the solution for bulk power
generation.
Challenges Militating against the use
of Nuclear Power Systems
Safety of lives and property which
usually result in genetic mutation.
Dangerous radiation leakage
whenever there is accident or fault
within the system.
The control rods can absorb
neutrons.
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Power System (PV).
Solar Power Thermal.
Wind Power System.
Hydro-Turbine System.
Heliochemical - the photosynthesis
process.
Heliothermal - heating of a secondary
fluid.
Helioelectric - PV SYSTEM (solar cells).
Advantages of Solar Energy
Its nonpolluting nature.
It is non-depletable.
Very reliable.
Free fuel.
Environmental friendly.
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
It’s weather dependent.
It’s expensive compared to
other sources of energy.
It requires larges space.
Basic Solar Power Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
Solar Thermal
Solar thermal is the use of a vapor power cycle
that requires the concentration of solar energy to
reach high temperatures and reasonable thermal
efficiency.
Solar thermal, energy concentration devices
include parabolic mirrors and arrays of focused
mirrors.
The solar concentrator is the most expensive
component in a solar thermal installation
representing 40-50% of total system cost.
A solar thermal power station is highly capital-
cost intensive.
Thermal Solar Power Plant
WIND POWER SYSTEMS
Wind power has been used throughout
man's recorded history.
The advantages of wind power
include:
Free fuel source (ultimately from sun's
energy)
Environmentally clean (except for
birds killed)
Can be mass produced in a factory.
Principles of operation
The basis of wind power is the kinetic
energy of the air.
Since wind velocity is not constant,
wind turbines must be designed to
operate at a constant angular velocity
over a wide range of wind speeds in
order to produce a constant frequency
(60 Hz) output.
Basic Components of Wind Turbine
A Typical Wind Farm
BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY
Biomass is an indirect form of solar energy.
Most biomass energy is utilized via direct
combustion, although some is indirectly
used via the production of fuel gases and
liquids.
Possible options for fuel production from
biomass include:
Methanol from woody biomass.
Ethanol from fermentation of biomass-
derived sugars.
Basic Biomass processing plant
FUEL CELLS TECHNOLOGY
Fuel cells convert chemical energy to low-voltage,
direct current electricity.
Fuel cells are not limited by Carnot cycle principle, and
therefore would improve energy-conversion efficiency.
Fuel cells operate with a continuous supply of
externally-stored fuel and oxidizer.
The fuel reactant (e.g., H2 or CO) is fed into the porous
electrode (anode);
oxidant (e.g., O2 or air) is fed into the other porous
electrode (cathode). The chemical products are
garbage.
Basic Fuel Cell systems
