PTD
Astrilia
1. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer
2. Psychrometric
3. Humidification and Dehumidification Operation
4. Cooling Tower
5. Drying
6. Evaporation
7. Crystallization
8. Absorption and Stripping
T#1
1. Prepare Your Psychrometric charts
2. Create the animations on psychrometric charts for the following
terminology along with an example question and its solution
1. dry-bulb Temp
2. wet-bulb Temp
3. relative humidity
4. humidity ratio = moisture content=specific humidity
5.dewpoint temperature
6. spesific enthalpy =enthalpy
7. spesific volume
3. Question no.2 is sent on Google Drive with a link which placed in
WA’s description in 1 folder with the name of Tugas1)
1. Simultaneous Heat and Mass
Transfer
Subjects
2. Psychrometric
Simultaneous Heat and
Mass Transfer
Simultaneous Heat
and Mass Transfer
▸ Heat transfer and mass transfer happen simultaneously
every time when there is transfer phenomena involving
phase change
▸ Example: Drying, Humidification, Crystalization, etc
6
Air
▸ Dry Air ▸ Nitrogen: 78%
▸ Humidity, in the form of ▸ Oxygen: 21%
water vapor ▸ Carbon Dioxide: 0.03%
▸ Dust Particles: Dust, smoke, ▸ Other gases: 0.96%
gas
7
Thermal parameter of
water vapor
▸ Dry bulb temperature, TDB
Temperature of the air measured using ordinary thermometer
with dry sensor.
▸ Wet bulb temperature, TWB
Temperature of the saturated water vapor measured using
ordinary thermometer with the sensor wrapped in wet fabric.
8
Thermal parameter of
water vapor
▸ Humidity/Moisture content
Also known as "Absolute Humidity" or "Specific Humidity". It is
the ratio between the partial vapor mass with the dry air mass in
the atmosphere.
▸ Relative humidity
Ratio between the partial vapor pressure with the saturated vapor
pressure within the same temperature.
9
Thermal parameter of
water vapor
▸ Dew point , Tdp
Temperature where vapor begin to condense when the
surrounding air is cooled down at a constant pressure or
saturation temperature at partial vapor pressure.
10
Psychrometrics
Outline
• What is psychrometrics?
• Psychrometrics in daily life and food industry
• Psychrometric chart
– Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, absolute
humidity, relative humidity, specific volume, enthalpy
– Dew point temperature
• Mixing two streams of air
• Heating of air and using it to dry a product
12
Psychrometrics
• Psychrometrics is the study of properties of
mixtures of air and water vapor
• Water vapor
– Superheated steam (unsaturated steam) at low pressure
– Superheated steam tables are on page 817 of textbook
– Properties of dry air are on page 818 of textbook
– Psychrometric charts are on page 819 & 820 of textbook
• What are these properties of interest and why do
we need to know these properties?
13
Psychrometrics in the
Food Industry
• Heating or cooling of air
– To heat or cool a product
• Mixing different streams
of air
• Drying a food product
14
using hot and dry air
– Drier the air, better the
drying efficiency
Psychrometric Chart: 6 Quantities
• Dry bulb temperature, Tdb (°C)
– Temperature recorded by a regular thermometer
• Wet bulb temperature, Twb (°C)
– Temp. of a thermometer with air blowing over a moist wick on its bulb
• Moisture content or specific humidity, W (kg water / kg dry air)
– Amount of moisture in air (also called, absolute humidity)
• Relative humidity (RH), (%)
– Ratio of amount of moisture in air to max. amt. of moisture air can hold
• Specific volume, V’ (m3/kg dry air)
– Volume of moist air per unit mass of dry air (specific volume = 1/density)
• Enthalpy, H (kJ/kg dry air)
– Energy content of air
15 Note 1: Each psychrometric chart is created at some constant pressure (most are
for atmospheric pressure). So, psychrometric charts can not be used to analyze
processes in which the pressure changes.
Note 2: Human comfort zone is at ~70-80 °F & ~40-60% RH
Measurement of Wet Bulb
Temperature
• Place a moist wick over the bulb of a mercury thermometer
• Blow air at high speed over the wick
• High energy water molecules from the wick evaporates since
vapor pressure of water vapor near the wick is higher than
that of the bulk surrounding air
• Latent heat for evaporation (of high energy water
molecules) is removed from the wick, causing a decrease
in temperature
16
Measurement of Wet Bulb
Temperature
• As the temperature of the wick decreases, sensible heat
from air flows to it
• Equilibrium is attained when latent heat lost from the
wick equals sensible heat flowing into the wick
Note 1: If the relative humidity of the surrounding air is 100%, moisture will NOT
evaporate from the wick and hence the reading of the wet bulb & dry bulb thermometers
will the same Note 2: Greater the difference between Tdb & Twb, lower the RH of the
surrounding air
Note 3: This evaporative cooling principle provides cooling of water in an earthen pot
17
Dew Point Temperature (Tdp)
• It is the temperature at which moisture in a mixture
of water vapor and air begins to condense (or form
“dew”) when cooled
Q: Why does a soda can “sweat”?
Q: When and why do we “see” our breath?
18
Hygrometers to Measure RH
(and Twb, Tdp)
• Psychrometer
– Two thermometers; one has moist wick (sling or mounted with fan)
• Mechanical
– Metal-paper coil (paper strip attached to metal coil; coil changes
shape with moisture; dial rotates similar to that in a bimetallic
thermometer; inexpensive & not very accurate)
– Hair tension (human hair attached to spring & dial; hair swells as
RH inc.)
• Electronic
– Change in electrical resistance of LiCl or semiconductor
19
Hygrometers to Measure RH
(and Twb, Tdp)
• Chilled mirror
– Optoelectronic mechanism; very accurate
• Capacitive, resistive, thermal conductivity, gravimetric
• Other (Change in weight, volume or transparency of a
material)
• High RH: Sweating; promotes
growth of mold during storage of
foods
20 • Low RH: Static electricity
Hygrometers (contd.)
wet bulb temp.
wet wick dry bulb temp.
handle is rotated
Sling psychrometer
Psychrometric Chart (Low Temp.)
‐10 °C to +55
°C
Sensible heat
Page 819 of textbook
factor
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Dry bulb Temperature (°C)
Specific Volume (m3/kg dry air) 12
Psychrometric Chart (High Temp.)
20 °C to 120
°C
Page 820 of textbook
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Dry bulb Temperature 13
(°C)
Constant Dry Bulb Temperature
Sensible heat
factor
Dry bulb Temperature
(°C)
Const. Wet Bulb Temp. & Const. Enthalpy
Sensible heat
factor
Constant Moisture Content or Humidity Ratio
Moisture
Content
Sensible heat
(g/kg dry air) factor
Constant Relative Humidity
Sensible heat
factor
Constant Specific Volume
Sensible heat
factor
Specific
Volume 18
(m3/kg dry air)
Lines of Constant Psychrometric Parameters
Sensible heat
factor
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Dry bulb Specific
Temperature Volume 19
(°C) (m3/kg dry
air)
Dew Point Temperature
Dew point temp. of air at “A” is
determined by moving horizontally
to the left and intersecting the
100%
RH line (saturation temp. line) A
Sensible heat
& reading the temp. at that
< *
factor
point. Note: Tdb = Twb at this
point
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Cooling Air Below its Dew Point Temperature
When warm air contacts a cold
surface that is below its dew point
temp., moisture from the air condenses
onto the surface of the cold surface
A
Sensible heat
< *
factor
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Psychrometric Chart (Determining Properties)
Given any two properties on the
chart, the condition of air-
watervapor mixture can be
identified on the chart and hence
the remaining properties can be
determined.
Exception: Constant enthalpy
Moisture Content (g/kg dry
and constant wet bulb
temperature lines are the same.
Thus, given enthalpy & wet bulb
temperature, we can not
air) identify the point that depicts
the properties of the air-
watervapor mixture on the
chart and hence the remaining
properties can not be
Dry bulb Temperature determined.
(°C)
22
Mixing Two Streams of Air
.
A: ma kg/s
.
B: mb kg/s B
C: Conditions of
. . .
LA to C: [mb/(ma + mb)]*LA to B
mixture C *
. . .
A
*
Sensible heat
LB to C: [ma/(ma + mb)]*LA to B
factor
.
Example: .LA to B = 10 cm
(g/kg dry air)
ma = 6 kg/s, mb = 2 kg/s
Moisture
Content
Then, LA to C = [2/(2+6)]*10 = 2.5 cm
LB to C = [6/(2+6)]*10 = 7.5 cm
Dry bulb Specific
Temperature Volume 23
(°C) (m3/kg dry air)
Spray Dryer “Atomization” involves
Air + Tiny breaking up a liquid
Wet Product product into tiny droplets
Particles Heater
of Product Blower by forcing the product &
compressed air into an
Hot atomizer (disc with
Atomizer
Dry Air multiple slots at periphery
B that spins at a high rpm) at
Cyclone Ambient air the TOP. This increases the
Separator surface area of the product,
Moist Product
A thereby increasing the rate
(Atomized) of heat transfer, and thus
the rate of evaporation. In
this lab, we are using a
Dry
nozzle at the CENTER
Product
instead of a true atomizer
at the TOP.
Spray dryer calculations involve:
1. Energy balance equation for air between
points ‘A’ & ‘B’
(heater adds energy to air at point ‘A’)
2. Water balance equation for air between
C points ‘B’ & ‘C’
(product adds moisture to air at point
Warm Moist Air + Dry Product‘B’)
24
Heating of Air (Constant Moisture Content or Humidity Ratio)
Q: Why do we feel dry in a
heated room?
.
Note : V
Sensible heat
a V'
m.
factor
* > *
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
.
(H
Energy Balance: m a A ) Q m (H )
a
Dry bulb A. B B
Temperature 25
(°C)
Drying of Product (Constant Enthalpy & Wet Bulb Temp.)
Adiabatic Process (Q =
0) If Q = 0 & work
done = 0, then, H =
Sensible heat
Constant
Part of sensible heat of air
factor
is converted to latent heat
drops; m.c. inc.
of water vapor; thus, temp. C
*. *
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Water Balance: m. (W ) m (% moisture) m.
(W )Drya bulb BB p
a C
Temperature 26
(°C)
Heating Ambient Air & Drying a Product
A: Ambient
air B: Heated
air
C: Exit air
Sensible heat
(after heating
product)
factor
C
** > *
(g/kg dry air)
Moisture
Content
Energy
Balance
Dry bulb A B
Temperature 27
(°C)
Further Applications of
Psychrometrics:
Heating, Cooling, Humidification, and Dehumidification
Humidification
(Latent Heat Addition)
Cooling & Humidification Heating &
Humidification
Sensible Cooling
* Sensible Heating
Cooling & dehumidification Heating & dehumidification
Dehumidification
(Latent Heat Removal)
Summary
• Psychrometric chart (6 quantities + dew point temp., Tdp)
– Dry bulb temperature, Tdb (°C)
– Wet bulb temperature, Twb (°C)
– Moisture content or specific humidity, W (kg water / kg dry air)
– Relative humidity, (%)
– Specific volume, V’ (m3/kg dry air)
– Enthalpy, H (kJ/kg dry air)
• Mixing of two streams of air
– Straight line split in the inverse ratios of mass flow rates
• Heating of air
– Const. m.c. line (horizontal line); energy balance
• Drying of a product
– Const. enthalpy (inclined line – const. Twb); water balance
40
Relative
Humidity
41
Humidity
42
Enthalpy
43
Dew Point
44
Exercise number 1
Determine the value of specific humidity
(moisture content),relative humidity, and
specific volume in the air with the dry bulb
temperature 550 C and the wet bulb
temperature 270 C.
Jawaban nomor 1
Exercise number 2
• The wet air has dry bulb 1000F with absolute
humidity 0,008 kg H2O/kg.
Determine wet bulb!
Solution:
Known : TDB = 1000 F (==00C )
Absolute Humidity = 0,0085 kg H2O/kg
Ask : TWB?
Jawaban nomor 2
Exercise number 3
Determine the value of specific humidity
(moisture content),relative humidity, and
specific volume in the air with the dry bulb
temperature 500 C and the wet bulb
temperature 380 C.
Jawaban nomor 3
Exercise number 4
• Air at 25 °C and 1 atm has a relative humidity
of 20%. Use the psychrometric chart to
estimate the absolute humidity = .004
Jawaban nomor 4
T#2
Define and give draw these proses on psychrometric chart :
For Wednesday:
1. Humidification (Latent Heat Addition)
2. Cooling & Humidification
3. Heating & Humidification
4. Dehumidification (Latent Heat Removal)
5. Cooling & dehumidification
6. Heating & dehumidification
7. Sensible Cooling
8. Sensible Heating
Further Applications of
Psychrometrics:
Heating, Cooling, Humidification, and Dehumidification
Humidification
(Latent Heat Addition)
Cooling & Humidification Heating &
Humidification
Sensible Cooling
* Sensible Heating
Cooling & dehumidification Heating & dehumidification
Dehumidification
(Latent Heat Removal)
