SHEAR WALL
Content:
Definition
Behavior of Shear wall
Failure Modes of Shear wall
Example of Shear walls analyzed in STAAD
SHEAR WALLS
-is a structural element used to resist lateral / horizontal /
shear forces parallel to the plane of the wall by:
>Cantilever action for slender walls where the bending
deformation is dominant
>Truss action for squat / short walls where the shear
deformation is dominant
SHEAR WALLS
-loads are transfer to shear walls A and B
SHEAR WALL BEHAVIOR
Rigid frame and short shear wall – pure
shear that is concave in the upper part
Squat and coupled shear walls –
deform in shear flexure manner
Symmetrical arrangement of walls and
frame will deflect in the direction of
horizontal load
Non-symmetrical arrangements of
shear walls cause structure to rotate
Flexible Rigid about its vertical axis.
FAILURE MODE OF SHEARWALLS
SHEARWALL AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
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SHEARWALL AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
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SHEARWALL AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
STOREY DRIFT ALONG Z-DIRECTION
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End of Presentation
WALL REINFORCEMENT
• MINIMUM TWO CURTAINS OF WALL REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED IF
Vu > 2 Acv(f'c)1/2 [0.166 Acv(f'c)1/2 ] OR THICKNESS > 10 INCHES [ 25 cm]
Lw
2 LAYERS IF T> 10" OR
Vu > CONCRETE SHEAR
CAPACITY REINF > 0.25%
OF GROSS AREA
UNLESS Vu < 1/2
CONCRETE CAPACITY
Hw
Av > Ah FOR
Hw/Lw < 2.0
SPACING < 18"
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WALL REINFORCEMENT
• WALL MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT RATIO (Dv or Dh) 0.0025
• EXCEPTION FOR Vu < Acv(f’c)1/2 [0.083 Acv(f’c)1/2 ]
a. MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT RATIO
Dv = 0.0012 FOR BARS NOT LARGER THAN #5 [N 16 mm]
= 0.0015 FOR OTHER DEFORMED BARS
= 0.0012 FOR WELDED WIRE FABRIC NOT LARGER THAN W31 OR D31[N 16 mm]
b. MINIMUM HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT RATIO
Dh = 0.0020 FOR BARS NOT LARGER THAN #5 [N 16 mm]
= 0.0025 FOR OTHER DEFORMED BARS
= 0.0020 FOR WELDED WIRE FABRIC NOT LARGER THAN W31 OR D31 [N 16 mm]
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SHEAR DESIGN
N Vn > Vu
A. SHEAR DEMAND
• FACTORED SHEAR FORCE / SHEAR DEMAND
Vu = 1.2 VD + f1 VL +- VE
= 0.9 VD +- VE
f1= 1.0 FOR 100 PSF [500 KG/M2]
LIVE LOAD AND GREATER
f1= 0.5 OTHERWISE.
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SHEAR DESIGN
B. SHEAR STRENGTH
Lw
• NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH
Hw
Vn = Acv [2(f’c)1/2 + Dnfy]
SEGMENT SEGMENT
Acv [0.166(f’c)1/2 + Dnfy] 1 2
• FOR SQUAT WALLS WITH Hw/Lw < 2.0
Vn = Acv [ac(f’c)1/2 + Dnfy]
Acv [0.083ac(f’c)1/2 + Dnfy]
WHERE ac VARIES LINEARLY FROM 2.0 FOR Hw/Lw =2.0 TO 3.0 FOR Hw/Lw =1.5
• Hw/Lw SHALL BE TAKEN AS THE LARGEST RATIO FOR ENTIRE WALL OR SEGMENT OF WALL
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SHEAR DESIGN
• MAXIMUM NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH
MAX Vn = Acv [10(f’c)1/2]
Acv [0.83(f’c)1/2]
• STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR WALLS THAT WILL FAIL IN SHEAR INSTEAD OF BENDING
N =0.6
• OTHERWISE N
N =0.85 =0.6
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FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOAD DESIGN
A. GENERAL
• NO NEED TO APPLY MOMENT MAGNIFICATION DUE TO SLENDERNESS
• NON-LINEAR STRAIN REQUIREMENT FOR DEEP BEAM DOESN’T APPLY
• STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS 0.70
EXCEPTION FOR WALLS WITH LOW COMPRESSIVE LOAD
N = 0.70
FOR
NPn = 0.1f’cAg OR NPb
TO
N = 0.90
FOR
NPn = ZERO OR TENSION
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FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOAD DESIGN
• THE EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH FOR I, L , C, OR T SHAPED WALLS
a. 1/2 X DISTANCE TO ADJACENT SHEAR WALL WEB
b. 15 % OF TOTAL WALL HEIGHT FOR COMP. FLANGE ( 25 % PER ACI)
c. 30 % OF TOTAL WALL HEIGHT FOR TENSION FLANGE (25 % PER ACI)
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FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOAD DESIGN
• WALLS WITH HIGH AXIAL LOAD SHALL NOT BE USED AS LATERAL RESISTING ELEMENTS FOR
EARTHQUAKE FORCE IF
Pu > 0.35 Po
WHERE
Po = 0.8N[0.85fc'(Ag - Ast) + fy Ast]
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B.1 BOUNDARY ZONE DETERMINATION - SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILING IS NOT REQUIRED IF
• PER UBC :
a. Pu <= 0.10Agf’c FOR SYMMETRICAL WALL
Pu <= 0.05Agf’c FOR UNSYMMETRICAL WALL
AND EITHER
b. Mu/(VuLw) < = 1.0 (SHORT/SQUAT WALL OR
Hw/Lw < 1.0 FOR ONE STORY WALL)
OR
c. Vu <= 3 Acv (f’c)1/2 [0.25 Acv (f’c)1/2 ] AND Mu/(VuLw) < = 3.0
• PER ACI :
THE FACTORED AXIAL STRESS ON LINEAR ELASTIC GROSS SECTION < 0.2 f’c
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B.1 BOUNDARY ZONE DETERMINATION - SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
• IF REQUIRED, BOUNDARY ZONES AT EACH END OF THE WALL SHALL BE PROVIDED ALONG
• 0.25Lw FOR Pu = 0.35 Po
• 0.15Lw FOR Pu = 0.15 Po
• WITH LINEAR INTERPOLATION FOR Pu BETWEEN 0.15 Po AND 0.35 Po
• MINIMUM BOUNDARY ZONE LENGTH : 0.15Lw
Lw
L BZ > 0.15 Lw
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B.2 BOUNDARY ZONE DETERMINATION – RIGOROUS APPROACH
• BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILING IS NOT REQUIRED IF MAX. COMPRESSIVE STRAIN AT WALL
EDGES:
gmax < 0.003
• THE DISPLACEMENT AND THE STRAIN SHALL BE BASED ON CRACKED SECTION PROPERTIES,
UNREDUCED EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION AND NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF THE BUILDING.
• BOUNDARY ZONE DETAIL SHALL BE PROVIDED OVER THE PORTION OF WALL WITH COMPRESSIVE
STRAIN > 0.003.
TENSION COMPRESSION
C'u
u =t C ' u
0 .0 0 3
t
LENGTH OF
BOUNDARY
MEMBER
Lw
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B.2 BOUNDARY ZONE DETERMINATION – RIGOROUS APPROACH
THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
gmax = 0.015
•PER ACI, BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILING IS NOT
REQUIRED IF THE LENGTH OF COMP. BLOCK
C< Lw/[600*(Du/Hw)]
(Du/Hw) SHALL NOT BE TAKEN < 0.007
• IF REQUIRED, THE BOUNDARY ZONE LENGTH
SHALL BE TAKEN AS
Lbz > C - 0.1 Lw
AND
> C/2
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C. APPROXIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN FOR PRISMATIC
WALLS YIELDING AT THE BASE
• DETERMINE De : ELASTIC DESIGN DISPLACEMENT AT THE TOP OF WALL DUE TO CODE SEISMIC FORCES
BASED ON GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES
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C. APPROXIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
• CALCULATE YIELD DEFLECTION AT THE TOP OF WALL CORRESPONDING TO A COMPRESSIVE STRAIN OF 0.003
Dy = (Mn'/Me)De
• Me IS MOMENT DUE TO CODE SEISMIC FORCES
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C. APPROXIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
• Mn' IS NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH AT
Pu = 1.2PD + 0.5PL + PE
• DETERMINE TOTAL DEFLECTION AT THE TOP OF WALL
Dt = Dm = 0.7 R (2DE) BASED ON GROSS SECTION
OR
Dt = Dm =0.7 R DS BASED ON CRACKED SECTION
WHERE R IS DUCTILITY COEFFICIENT RANGES FROM 4.5 TO 8.5 PER UBC TABLE 16 N.
• INELASTIC WALL DEFLECTION
Di = Dt - Dy
• ROTATION AT THE PLASTIC HINGE
Qi = Ni Lp = Di/(Hw - Lp/2)
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C. APPROXIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
• DETERMINE TOTAL CURVATURE DEMAND AT THE PLASTIC HINGE
Nt = Ni + Ny
Nt = Di/[Lp(Hw - Lp/2)] + Ny
• WALL CURVATURE AT YIELD OR AT Mn’ CAN BE TAKEN AS
Ny = 0.003/Lw
• THE PLASTIC HINGE LENGTH
Lp = Lw/2
• THE COMPRESSIVE STRAIN ALONG COMPRESSIVE BLOCK IN THE WALL MAY BE ASSUMED VARY LINEARLY OVER THE DEPTH Cu' WITH A
MAXIMUM VALUE EQUAL TO
gcmax = (Cu' X Nt)
• THE COMPRESSIVE BLOCK LENGTH Cu’ CAN BE DETERMINED USING STRAIN COMPATIBILITY AND REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION
ANALYSIS.
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D. BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILS
• DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS
EXTEND 12" INTO WEB
FOR I,L,C,T WALLS
2 ND FL
T BZ >lu/16
V e rt. B a r
V e rtic a l E x te n t o f
Ld of
> M u /4 V u
1 ST FL
B o u n d . R e in f.
H BZ > L w
Ec =0.003
Lu
GROUND Fl
L B Z >18" (46cm)
L w
FOR L, C, I, OR T SHAPED WALL, THE BOUNDARY ZONE SHALL INCLUDE THE
EFFECTIVE FLANGE AND SHALL EXTEND AT LEAST 12 INCHES [30 CM] INTO THE WEB
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D. BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILS
• CONFINEMENT REINFORCEMENT
L BZ
h c for longitudinal direction
Consecutive crossties engaging
Alternate Vertical the same longitudinal bar shall
Bars Shall Be have their 90-deg hooks on Notes:
Confined 6 d b (> 3 in ) opposite sides of column
(>75 mm) 6 db 1. Per UBC:
extension 'x' or 'y' < 12 inches (30 cm)
Per - ACI
' hx' < 14 inches (35 cm)
hc for trans. dir.
y
2. Hoop dimensional ratio
(3x/2y) or (2y/3x) <3
T BZ
3. Adjacent hoops shall be
overlapping
y
4. Per ACI:
Sv < Tbz / 4
Sv < 4 +[(14-hx)/3]
x x / hx x
Minimum Hoops/Ties Area : Ash = 0.09 s hc fc'/fyh As > 0.005 L BZ T BZ with in inches
with vertical spacing Sv < 6"(15 cm) or 6xDIA of minimum < 10 + [(35-hx)/3]
vertical bars 4 -# 5(DIA 16 mm)
in cm
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D. BOUNDARY ZONE DETAILS
REINFORCEMENT INSIDE BOUNDARY ZONE
NO WELDED SPLICE WITHIN THE PLASTIC HINGE REGION
MECHANICAL CONNECTOR STRENGTH > 160 % OF BAR YIELD STRENGTH OR 95% Fu
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STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING M’n
and C’u
• STRAIN DISTRIBUTION AT gcy = 0.003
gsi > gy : Tsi = As fy
gsi < gy : Tsi = As fs WHERE fs = Es gs TENSION COMPRESSION
C'u
c = 0 .0 0 3
STEEL STRAIN
S7
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
CONCRETE
S1
STRAIN
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STRAIN COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
• FORCE EQUILIBRIUM
Pu + E Tsi + E Csi + Cc = 0
WHERE Pu = 1.2 D + 0.5 L + E AND Cc= 0.85 f’c B C’u
• MOMENT EQUILIBRIUM
M’n = E Tsi X esi + E Csi X esi + Cc ec
• SOLVE FOR Cu’ THAT SATISFIES THE ABOVE EQUILIBRIUM.
Center TENSION COMPRESSION
Line
B C'u
Cc
Pu
STEEL FORCES e
0.85 f'c
Cs7
T S2
T S5
T S4
T S3
C S6
T S1
Lw CONCRETE
STRESS
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON WALL SECTION
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SUMMARY
• TWO APPROACHES TO DETERMINE THE BOUNDARY ZONE
• THE SIMPLIFIED APPROACH IS BASED ON THE AXIAL FORCE, BENDING AND
SHEAR OR FACTORED AXIAL STRESSES IN THE WALL
• THE RIGOROUS APPROACH INVOLVES DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN
CALCULATIONS
• ACI/IBC EQUATIONS ARE SIMPLER THAN UBC EQUATIONS
• COMPUTER AIDED CALCULATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE RIGOROUS
APPROACH
• SHEAR WALL DESIGN SPREADSHEET
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