STATISTIC

S
@
PROBABILI
Teacher : Aldwin N. Petronio
TY
 Teacher’s Profile

From Santa Rita, Samar Philippines and currently live in Tacloban City.

FB Account: Aldwin Petronio

Email address : [email protected]
Contact # : 09055165612

Baccalaureate Degree:
Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) Major in Mathematics at Eastern
Visayas State University (EVSU) Batch 2015.
TEACHER ALDWIN N. PETRONIO
Successfully passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers (September
2015).
What is Statistics?
Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing,
interpreting and presenting empirical data. 

Statistics is a highly interdisciplinary field; research in statistics finds applicability in virtually all
scientific fields and research questions in the various scientific fields motivate the development
of new statistical methods and theory

Two fundamental ideas in the field of statistics are uncertainty and variation. There are many
situations that we encounter in science (or more generally in life) in which the outcome is
uncertain.

In some cases the uncertainty is because the outcome in question is not determined yet (e.g.,
we may not know whether it will rain tomorrow) while in other cases the uncertainty is because
although the outcome has been determined already we are not aware of it (e.g., we may not
know whether we passed a particular exam).
Probability is a mathematical language used to discuss uncertain
events and probability plays a key role in statistics. 

Any measurement or data collection effort is subject to a number of

sources of variation. By this we mean that if the same measurement
were repeated, then the answer would likely change.

Statisticians attempt to understand and control (where possible)

the sources of variation in any situation.
 Types of Statistics
Statistics have majorly categorized into two types:

1. Descriptive statistics

2. Inferential statistics
Descriptive Statistics
is a way to organize, represent and describe a collection of data using
tables, graphs, and summary measures.
For example, the collection of people in a city using the internet or using
Television.
Descriptive statistics are also categorized into four different
categories:
•Measure of frequency - (displays the number of times a particular data occurs)
•Measure of dispersion - ( Range, Variance, Standard Deviation )
•Measure of central tendency - ( Mean, Median and Mode )
•Measure of position/non-central tendency - ( Quartile, Decile and Percentile )
Inferential Statistics

This type of statistics is used to interpret the meaning of Descriptive statistics. That
means once the data has been collected, analyzed and summarized then we use these
stats to describe the meaning of the collected data. Or we can say, it is used to draw
conclusions from the data that depends on random variations such as observational
errors, sampling variation, etc.

Inferential Statistics is a method that allows us to use information collected from a

sample to make decisions, predictions or inferences from a population. It grants us
permission to give statements that goes beyond the available data or information. For
example, deriving estimates from hypothetical research.
 Sample Space
A sample space is a collection or a set of possible outcomes of a
random experiment.
The sample space is represented using the symbol, “S”. 
The subset of possible outcomes of an experiment is called events.
The samples spaces for a random experiment is written within curly
braces “ { } “.
 Random Variables

is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to the outcomes of an experiment.
It usually denoted by uppercase letters such as X, whose elements are denoted by lower
case letters, x, x2, x3, and so on.
Write all the possible values of each random variable.

1. tossing two coins. X={0, 1, 2}

2. rolling a die. X= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
3. drawing a spade in a deck of cards.
X={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13}
4. getting a sum of eleven when two dice are rolled.
X={0, 1,}
5. tossing three coins. X={0, 1, 2,3 }
 Types of Random Variables

1. Discrete Random Variable

2. Continuous Random Variable

 A random variable X is said to be discrete
random variable if it is has a finite number of
elements. These values usually arise from
counts.

Example:
1. Number of heads in tossing a coin.
2. Number of eggs a hen lays.
3. Number of cars in a parking lot.
 A random variable Y is said to be
continuous random variable if it has infinite
number of elements and cannot be
represented by whole numbers.
Example:
1. The amount of milk obtained from a cow.
2. Weight (in grams) of 8 randomly selected
math books.
3. Amount of shampoo applied when taking a
bath.
Probability Distribution of Discrete
Random Variable
A discrete probability distribution is a
table showing all the possible values of a
discrete random variable together with their
corresponding probabilities.
Discrete Probability Distribution
Properties:
If X is a random variable with n elements,
then
1. Each of the probabilities , P(x), has the
value with range from 0 through 1.

2. The sum of probabilities,

P(x1)+P(x2)+P(x3)+…+P(xn)=
Construct a probability distribution and
histogram of the given examples:
1.tossing two coins.

2. rolling a die.

3. tossing three coins.

Problem solving # 1.

Write the probability distribution of a

random variable R representing the number
of red balls when 3 balls are drawn in
succession with replacement from a jar
containing 4 red and 5 blue balls.
Example # 2.

Box A and Box B both contain the numbers

1,2,3,and 4. Write the probability mass
function and draw the histogram of the sum
when one number from each box is taken at a
time , with replacement.
Quiz # 1.
Determine if each probability distribution is a
Discrete Probability Distribution or Not.
1. x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/5 2/5 1/5 1/5

2. x 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.05 0.05
3. a 1 3 5 7
f(a) 2/7 1/7 5/7 1/7

4. b 4 8 8 10
P(b) 0.42 0.11 -0.28 0.19

5. X 3 5 7 9 12
f(x) 12% 10% 40% 36% 2%
6. Give three examples of Continuous RV and
two examples of discrete RV.
7. Construct the probability distribution and
histogram of Z defined by the product of two
numbers taken separately from two boxes
containing numbers 1, 2, 3,and 4.

8. Construct the probability distribution and

histogram of Q representing the sum of two
numbers taken separately from two boxes
containing numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3.
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF
DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
 Mean
If X is a random variable with values x1, x2,
x3…,xn with probabilities f(x1), f(x2), f(x3)…,f(xn),
respectively, then the mean or the expected
value of X denoted by E(X) is

x1f(x1) + x2f(x2) + x3f(x3) +…+ xnf(xn)=,

for all elements of X
Solve the ff. problems
1. The random variable X, representing the
number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the ff.
probability distribution. Compute the mean.

x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 1/10 3/10 3/10 2/10 1/10
2. Find the mean of the random variable Z
representing the number of male teachers per
elementary school.

z 3 4 5 6 7
P(z) 40% 32% 11% 9% 8%
 Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
The variance denoted by V(X) of any random
variable X, could be computed by getting the average
of the product of the squared deviations from the
mean of X and their corresponding probabilities.
The variance can be computed as:

V(X)= E(X2)-[E(X)]2
Sd(X)=
V(X)
Determine the Variance and Standard
Deviation of each random variable.
1. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

2. y 0 1 2
P(y) 1/2 1/6 1/3
 Construct the probability distribution and
find the standard deviation of y defined by the
sum of the outcomes when two dice are
rolled.
 Normal Distribution

Properties of Normal distribution and Areas

under the Normal Curve
Definition:

A normal distribution is a distribution of a

continuous random variable whose graph is a bell-
shaped curve called normal curve.
Properties
A normal distribution has then the following properties:
• It’s curve is bell-shaped.
• It’s curve is symmetric about y-axis.
• The mean, median, and mode coincide at the center of
the distribution.
• The distribution is unimodal
• It’s curve is asymptotic with respect to the x-axis.
• The total area under its curve is 1.
Standard Normal Distribution

is a normal distribution with mean of zero

and standard deviation of 1. Basically, any
normal distribution could be transformed into
this type.
 Finding the areas under the
Normal Curve
I. A (Z<Z1)= A (Z<Z1)
II. A (Z>Z1)= 1- A (Z<Z1)
III.A (Z1<Z<Z2)= A (Z<Z1)- A (Z<Z2)
Applications of Normal Distribution
Z-score
Any normal distribution can be transformed
to normal standard normal distribution by the
formula:
z
Where = mean, = standard deviation.
Definition:
Z-score or Standard score tells how many
standard deviations a value is, away from the
mean. A negative z-score tells that the value is
below the mean, while a positive z-score tells
that the value is above the mean. A z-score is
unitless, thus even values of different units
could be compared relative to their groups.
Examples 1:
The scores of students in the midyear
examination for Statistics has a mean of 32 and
a standard deviation of 5. Find the z-scores
corresponding to each of the following:
a. 36
b. 22
c. 33
d. 28
A. Given a normal distribution with a mean of 42 and standard
deviation of 6, find the area BELOW
1. 36
2. 54
3. 30.5

B. Given a normal distribution with a mean of 125 and

standard deviation of 15, find the area ABOVE
4. 128
5. 119
6. 82.2
C. Given a normal distribution with a mean of 24
and standard deviation of 4, find the area
BETWEEN the following:

1. 28 and 30
2. 12 and 36
3. 17 and 24
 The scores of a group of students in a standardized
test are normally distributed with a mean of 60 and
standard deviation of 8. Answer the following:
a.) How many percent of students got below 72?
b.) What part of the group scored between 58 and
76?
c.) If there were 250 students who took the test ,about
how many students scored higher than 74?
1. A coffee vendo machine is designed to discharge
an average of 8 ounces with standard deviation of 0.2
ounces. If the amounts of coffee the machine
discharges follow a normal distribution.

a.) what percent of the discharges exceed 8.5 ounces.

b.) what percent of the discharges are between 7.6
ounces and 8.1 ounces?
c.) if a customer buys a cup of coffee, what is the
probability that it is less than 7.7 ounces?
2. The IQ’s of 600 student applicants in a
university are normally distributed with a mean
of 115 and standard deviation of 12.
a. What percent of applicants have IQs less than
118?
b. How many of these students have an IQ
between 109 and 124?
c. If the college requires at least an IQ of 95,
how many of these students will be admitted?
3. The scores in a statistics test follow a
normal distribution with an average score of 82
and standard deviation of 5. If all students who
got 88 to 94 received a “very good”, and it was
announced that only 8 received a very good,
how many students took the test?