Chapter 1

Binary System and Hexadecimal

System
What is Denary?
 We use Denary ( Decimal) System with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
 Denary system is base 10 system
For example the number 236

200 30 6 Different values

Why?
• Each digit have place value according to its position in the numerical system.
• In Denary system, the place value =10n
where n start from 0 at rightmost and is increased by 1 from right to left.

Eg. 4810

103 102 101 100

Place Value

1000 100 10 1

Number 4 8 1 0
4810 = (4*1000) + (8*100) + (1*10) + (1*0)
Binary System
 Computer use Binary System
 Binary System is a base 2 system with only two digit (bit) 0 or 1.
 For Example : 1011
 In Binary, the place value = (2n) where n is increased from right to left

23 22 21 20
Place Value

8 4 2 1

Number 1 0 1 1
 Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 10101101
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

128 + 32 + 8+ 4+ 1=173
10101101=173
Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Denary number of 1100

8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0

8 + 4 = 12
1100 = 12
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

69 – 64 = 5
5 - 4= 1
1 - 1= 0
69 = 01000101
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213

Place 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Value
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

213 – 128 = 85
85 - 64= 21
21 - 16= 5
5- 4 = 1
1 - 1= 0

213 = 11010101
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69

2 69 R
2 34 1

2 17 0

2 8 1

2 4 0 Bottom to up
2 2 0

2 1 0
0 1

The denary number 69= 1000101

Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213

2 213 R
2 106 1

2 53 0

2 26 1

2 13 0 Bottom to up
2 6 1

2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1

The denary number 213= 11010101

Measurement of the size of computer
memories
 A binary digit is commonly referred to as a BIT; 4 bits are referred to as
nibble and 8 bits are usually referred to as a BYTE. (1 byte= 8 bits).
 The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.

Name of memory size Number of bits Equivalent denary value

1 kilobyte (1 KB) 210 1 024 bytes
1 megabyte (1 MB) 220 1 048 576 bytes
1 gigabyte (1 GB) 230 1 073 741 824 bytes
1 terabyte (1 TB) 240 1 099 511 627 776 bytes
1 petabyte (1 PB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624
bytes
Example

 If the download speed for internet is 32 megabit per second, how long
would it take to download a 40 MB file (in second)?

32 megabit= 4MB
4MB = 1 sec

40MB = 10 sec
Usage of Binary number
 Register
 Is a group of bit
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
 Can store data, instruction and address.
 When computers (or microprocessors) are used to control devices
(such as robots), registers are used as part of the control system.
 Example
 The following example describes how registers can be used in controlling a simple
device. A robot vacuum cleaner has three wheels, A, B and C. A rotates on a
spindle to allow for direction changes B and C are fixed to revolve around their
axles to provide only forward and backward movement, and have an electric motor
attached:

An 8-bit register is used to control the movement of the robot vacuum cleaner:
If the register contains 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
‘motor B is ON and motor C is ON
and both motors are turning to produce
Backward motion’.
The vacuum cleaner is moving Backword
Hexadecimal System (hex)
 Hexadecimal is another number system used by computers.
 Hexadecimal is a base 16 system with digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(=10), B (=11), C (=12), D (=13), E (=14),
F (=15)
 In Hexadecimal, the place value is power of 16 (16n) in which the
power(n) is increased from right to left
 For Example : 1A9

Place Value 162 161 160

256 16 1
Number 1 A 9
Hexadecimal
 It is fast and simple to convert between hexadecimal numbers and
binary.
 How many number of bits are used to represent hexa digit.
F=15=?
8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1

F=15=1111
 Binary used 4 bit to represent hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal can be used to write large binary number is just a few
digit which makes it easier to read, write and understand.
Hexadecimal
HEXA Denary Binary HEXA Denary Binary
0 0 0000 A 10 1010

1 1 0001 B 11 1011
8421
2 2 0010 C 12 1100

3 3 0011 D 13 1101
8421 8421
4 4 0100 E 14 1110

5 5 0101 F 15 1111

6 6 0110

7 7 0111

8 8 1000

9 9 1010
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 1:
 101111100001
 Split this into 4 bit group

1011 1110 0001

8421 8421 8421

1011 1110 0001

11 14 1

B E 1

I01I11100001= BE1
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 2: 10000111111101

10 0001 1111 1101

10 0001 1111 1101

8421 8421 8421 8421
0010 0001 1111 1101

2 1 F D

100 0 0 I 111111 0 l= 21FD

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 45A
4 5 A
8421 8421 8421
0100 0101 1010

45A=010001011010
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 2BF
2 B F
8421 8421 8421
0010 1011 1111

2BF=001010111111
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
 For Example : 45A
162 161 160
4 5 A

(4 * 256=1024) + (5 * 16=80 ) + (10* 1=10) = 1114

45A= 1114
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
 For Example : 2BF
162 161 160
2 B F

(2* 256=512) + (11 * 16=176 ) + (15* 1=15) = 703

2BF= 703
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together
Exercise
1. Find the hexadecimal number of 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2. Find the binary number of B F 0
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

For example : Convert denary number 162 to Hexa decimal

16 162 R Hexa
16 10 2 2
Bottom to up
0 10 A

The denary number 162 = A2  Successive division by 16

 The remainders are read from

BOTTOM to TOP to give the
hexadecimal value.
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
For example : Convert denary number 2004 to Hexa decimal

16 2004 R Hexa
16 125 4 4

16 7 13 D Bottom to up
0 7 7

The denary number 2004= 7D4

Usage of HexaDecimal
 Memory Dump
 Is the process in which contents of a memory are displayed and stored
if application or system crashes.
00990F60 54 68 69 73 …………..
 Color code
 Used in HTML
 Three primary colors (red, green, blue) is determined by its
hexadecimal 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
 Red FF 00 00
 Green 00 FF 00
 Blue 00 FF 00
Eg. <body bgcolor=FF0000>
Usage of HexaDecimal
 ASCII CODE
 Can be represented using hexadecimal values or decimal values.
Eg A = 65(decimal) = 41(hexa)
 Assembly code and machine code
 Using hexadecimal makes it much easier, faster and less error prone
to write code compared to binary.
 A5E4 FFA4 (machine code using hexadecimal)
Usage of Hexadecimal
Media Access Control Address (MAC)
 Is a unique number which identifies a device on the internet .
 Is assigned by manufacture company.
 A MAC address is usually made up of 48 bits which are shown as six groups of
hexadecimal digits (although 64-bit addresses are also known):
 NN - NN - NN - DD - DD – DD or
 NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
 where the first half (NN - NN - NN) is the identity number of the manufacturer of
the device
 the second half (DD- DD - DD) is the serial number of the device.
 eg 00 – 1C – B3 – 4F – 25 – FE
Advantages of Hexa Decimal
 Easier to read, understand and remember
 Short way to represent binary
 Fewer errors made
 Easier to debug error.
Six binary or hexadecimal numbers and six denary conversions are given.
Draw a line to connect each binary or hexadecimal number to the correct denary
conversion.
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