Unit 4-Helping Theories, Models, and Process
Unit 4-Helping Theories, Models, and Process
RELATIONSHIPS
“What happened in the past that was painful has a great deal to do with
what we are today, but revisiting this painful past can contribute little or
nothing to what we need to do now. William Glasser
Read more at:
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UNIT 4A:
HELPING THEORIES
PERSON-CENTERED THEORY
by Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
Refers to the counsellors’ ability to feel with the client and convey this
understanding back to the client. When the client perceives the
counsellor as being understanding and appreciative of his or her
predicament, then only will the client proceed with his or her self-
exploration.
• Congruency
– Congruency refers to the counsellor’s genuine behavior and non-
verbal language that is free from pretension.
– Congruence helps the client to realize that counselor is also human
and facing life problems. This will develop client’s confidence to
overcome his own problem.
Incongruent vs. Congruent
Incongruent vs. Congruent (cont.)
• (William Glasser)
Robert E. Wubbolding
Choice
Taking
Responsibility Control
YOU
My Quality Behavior
World
Reality
THEORY OF REALITY THERAPY
• These goals are met in such a way that they do not infringe on
the needs of others.
― Stephen R. Covey,
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change
UNIT 4B:
HELPING THEORIES, MODELS & PROCESS
Dasie Model
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DASIE Model
It is a systematic five-stage model or framework or
set of guidelines for helper choices to manage
problems.
• Divergent thinking
• Goal setting
• Decision making
• Problem solving
• Program choice
• Evaluate knowledge of resources
• Using knowledge of how behavior is changed
• Using knowledge of how useful behavior is
maintained
• Teaching skills & promoting learning skills
Evaluation stage
• In addition to Explore, Understand & Act skills
evaluation of the therapy process is also important. It
can take place at the end of each session as a
summarization, whenever appropriate. It helps the
client understand what ground they have gone over,
helps them perceive progress they have made and
inspires them with understanding on how they want
to move forwards.
The Helping Process
The helping process takes place in a relationship
(Brammer, 2003)
Stages in the Helping Process
Stages in the Helping Process
• 6) Consolidation: Exploring alternatives, working
through feelings, practicing new skills.
• 7) Planning: Developing a plan of action using
strategies to resolve conflicts, reducing painful
feelings, and consolidating and generalizing new skills
or behaviors to continue self-directed activities.
• 8) Termination: Evaluating outcomes and terminating
the relationship.
(Brammer, 2003)
HELPER AS
FACILITATOR
1. Helper Empathy
• (Collins, 2009)
EMPATHIC LISTENING (cont.)
ATTENDING BEHAVIOR
CLOSE AND OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
ENCOURAGERS
PARAPHRASE
SUMMARY
REFLECTION
CONFRONTATION
ATTENDING BEHAVIOR
Open
• Adopt an open posture. An open
posture generally seen as non-
defensive; conversely; crossed arms
and legs signify a lesser degree of
involvement.
Lean
• People naturally lean forward when
engaged in conversation and a slight
inclination toward a person is often a
sign of interest in the person and what
they have to say. Effective helpers must
learn to move back and forth naturally
according to what is happening in the
dialogue. The body should be flexible
and responsive to enhance
communication with a client.
Eye
• Maintain eye contact. It is different
from staring and is another way of
saying, “ I want to hear what you have to
say”.
Relax
• Try to be relax and show your confident. Be
comfortable with your body as a way of expressing one’s
self and making contact with others.
ATTENDING BEHAVIOR
• Attending is the behavioral aspect of building
rapport. When a counsellor first meets with a client,
they must indicate to the client that they are interested
in listening to them and helping them.
To begin an interview
C: Are you concerned about what you will do if the test results are
positive?
O: What do you think you might do if the test results are positive?
Paraphrasing is a method of
restating the helpee’s basic
message in similar, but usually
fewer words.
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SUMMARY
• To end a session
• To review progress
• 2- Midway in the interview- “ So far I have seen that the plan did
not work well. But you able to called her. You plan to continue
unaccomplished plan next weeks. Is that about it?
• During the counselling process there are four (4) discrepancies which the
client could display.