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3 General Transforms

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Novelyn Rabino
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25 views10 pages

3 General Transforms

Uploaded by

Novelyn Rabino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Transforms

• Let k (n) be orthogonal, period N


N 1 * N k= j
 k ( n). j (n) 
n 0 0 k j
• Define h(n)  1 N1H (k ) (n)
k
N k 0
• So that H (k )  N1 h(n). * (n)
k
n 0

1 Professor A G Constantinides
General Transforms

• Determine conditions to be satisfied by


k (n) so that H (k ). X (k )  x(n) h(n)
• Let Y (k )  H (k ). X (k )
• Then  1 N 1
y (n)   X (k ).H (k ).k (n)
N k 0
1 N 1 N 1 * 
    h( p ).k ( p )  X (k )k (n)
N k 0  p 0 
2 Professor A G Constantinides
General Transforms
N 1
 1 N 1 * 
• Thus y ( n )   h ( p ).  X ( k ) k ( n ). k ( p ) 
p 0  N k 0
• To support circular convolution
*
k (n).k ( p)  k (n  p)
• 1) p  0  k (n).k * (0)  k (n)
k (0)  1  k (0) and real
*

 k (0).k * ( p)  k ( p)

3 Professor A G Constantinides
General Transforms

• 2) n p *
k (n).k (n)  k (0)
• 3) Since fundamental period is N
k ( N  n )   k ( n ) k ( N )  k ( 0)  1
p  N k (n).k ( N )  k (n  N )  k (n)
• 4) p  1 k (n).k * (1)  k (n  1)
*
k (n).k (1)  k (n  1) k (n).k (1)  k (n  1)
k (n  1).k (1)  k (n) k (n)  k (1)
n

4  k (1)N  1 Professor A G Constantinides


Number Theoretic Transforms

• Thus in a complex field k (1) are the N


2
roots of unity and j .k
k (1)  e N
• In an integer field we can write
k (1)  1 mod N
N

• and use Fermat's theorem a P 1  1 mod P


• where P is prime anda is a primitive root
• Euler's totient function can be used to
generalise as aN  1 mod N
5 Professor A G Constantinides
Number Theoretic Transforms
Fermat's Theorem: Consider
a,2a,3a,..., ( P  1)a
• Reduce mod P to produce 1,2,3,..., P  1
• Since (a, P )  1 we have
a.2a.3a.....(P  1)a  1.2.3.4....( P  1)
P 1
• or a .( P  1)! ( P  1)! mod P
• and since there are no other unknown
P 1
factors a  1 mod P
6 Professor A G Constantinides
Number Theoretic Transforms

• Alternatively (perhaps simpler)


• For  ,  ,  ,...,  not multiples of P
• (      ...   ) P expanded in
bionomial form produces multiples of P
• except for the terms  P ,  P ,..., P
• Thus
(      ...   ) P   P   P  ...   P mod P.

7 Professor A G Constantinides
Number Theoretic Transforms

• Now, if the total number of bracketed terms


is for this argument less than P say a, then
for       ...    1 one has

a P  1  1  ...  1 mod P
a mod P
• ie a P 1  1 mod P.

• and k (n)  a nk
8 Professor A G Constantinides
Number Theoretic Transforms

• For example for P=7 the quantity a, known


as the primitive root, will be one of the
following {2,3,4,5,6}
• Thus for a=2 we have
6
2  64  9 * 7  1  1 mod 7
• We note further that
4* 2  7 1  1 mod 7.

9 Professor A G Constantinides
Number Theoretic Transforms

• Thus we have 4  21 mod 7


• And hence N 1 *
H (k )   h(n).k (n)
n 0

7 1
H (k )   h(n).4nk mod 7
n 0

• Thus only real numbers are involved in the


computation . Moreover, the kernel is a
power of 2
10 Professor A G Constantinides

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