Characteristic Features Of Common Fluid
Machines
objective:
is to transfer mechanical energy to a flow medium.
Content
the classification,
characteristic features,
operating principles
Classification of Fluid machines
Fluid machines are mostly classified:-
1. based on the flow medium they handle
2. and the principle of energy transfer
In the first case they are classified into pumps and gas
movers (fans, blowers and compressors ).
The classification of the gas movers is mainly based
on the discharge to suction pressure ratio: Pr =PD/PS.
In the second case they are classified into dynamic
and positive displacement machines.
Table 2.1 Characteristics of Fluid Machines
Fluid Machine Type of Fluid Pr=PD/PS Artificial Cooling
Pumps Liquid - No
Fans Gas <1.15 No
Blowers Gas 1.15<Pr<3 No
Compressors Gas >3 Yes
As the discharge to suction pressure ratio increases the
temperature rises beyond the safety limit and artificial
cooling (commonly with cooling water or air) is used
and with still further increase in PD/PS it becomes
more advantageous to use multiple stage compression
with separate cooling between stages
Fluid Machines
Dynamic
Positive Displacement
Turbo machines Special
Effect Reciprocating Rotary
-Screw
-Centrifugal
-Jet pumps -lobe
-Axial flow
-Gas lift -Piston -vane
-Mixed flow
-Plunger - Gear*
-Diaphragm
1. Dynamic Fluid Machine
Energy is added to the flow medium mainly by
increasing its velocity in excess of what is required at
the discharge end.
Converting this excess velocity energy into pressure
energy at the discharge portion of the machine.
Dynamic
Turbo machines Special Effect
-Jet pumps
-Centrifugal -Gas lift
-Axial flow
-Mixed flow
*gear pump
1.1 Turbo Machines
Turbo machines are commonly divided into:-
radial
axial flow mixed flow
flow
• The classification is based on the direction of flow of the fluid inside the
machine
Mixed Flow Impeller Axial Flow Impeller
Radial Flow Impeller
Figure 1. Types of impellers
a. Centrifugal
the flow medium from the suction nozzle enters
the impeller through the impeller eye and is
distributed radially outwards between blade
channels.
While passing through the Channel energy
transfer from the blades to the fluid.
When the fluid leaves the impeller its velocity
increases significantly.
Figure 1. Centrifugal flow pump
Figure 2. Section of a centrifugal pump
b. Axial flow
In axial flow machines the flow medium flows axially,
parallel to the centerline of the shaft.
While passing through the impeller the blades increase
the velocity, which later may be converted to pressure
energy using stationary or moving vanes.
Axial fluid machines do not have a shroud.
Figure 1. Axial flow pump
Figure 2. Components of a centrifugal impeller
An impeller that has both front and back shroud is called closed
impeller .
One that has only the back shroud is called semi-open impeller.
An impeller that does not have both shrouds is called open
impeller.
Back
shroud Blades
Figure . Semi open impeller
1.2. Special Effect
a. Jet Pumps
use motive fluid to move another.(no moving part)
consist of two main parts, the nozzle and diffuser.
Jet pumps work by the Bernoulli principle.
Diffuser
Motive Discharge
fluid
Throat
Nozzle
Suction
Figure 1. general-purpose jet pump
Jet pumps are sometimes used in combination with centrifugal
pumps
• It is specially used for pumping water from wells.
Jet pumps are less efficient than most mechanical pumps but
what makes it attractive:-
their simple construction
absence of moving parts
their light weight
compact design and low cost
b. Air Lift
The Air Lift Pump is a type of deep well pump, sometimes
used to remove water from mines. It can also be used to
pump a slurry of sand and water or other "gritty"
solutions.
Compressed air is piped down a shaft. The air then returns
up a discharge pipe carrying water with it. The pump
works by "aerating" the water in the discharge pipe.
The added air lowers the specific gravity of the fluid
mixture. Since it is lighter than the surrounding water, it is
pushed upwards.
This type of pump can lift 20 to 2000 gallons per minute,
up to about 750 feet.
2. Positive Displacement
Energy is added to the flow medium by a direct
application of force.
This application of force directly increases the pressure
energy and no conversion from velocity to pressure
energy is required.
Positive Displacement
Reciprocating Rotary
-Screw
-Piston -lobe
-Plunger -vane
-Diaphragm - Gear*
7
1
2.1 Reciprocating 2
4
3 5
Piston
6
a.
The basic Piston Pump is very simple having just two
valves and one stuffing box. In this example the
reciprocating piston is driven back and fro by a rotating
mechanism.
This piston pump uses suction to raise water into the
chamber. The lower valvePlunger
can be placed below water
level.
Cylinder
Figure Plunger pump
Working principle of Piston Pump
motion of the piston the pressure in the cylinder
decreases and when it is sufficiently low the suction
valve opens
As the piston moves backwards liquid is drawn into the
cylinder until it reaches the end of the suction stroke at
the extreme right
As the piston starts the forward motion (towards
left) the pressure inside the cylinder grows and the
discharge valve opens and the liquid starts to
discharge
Discharge takes place until the liquid drawn during
the suction stroke is removed from the cylinder
b. Diaphragm pump
Cars often use a Diaphragm Pump to move gasoline from the
gas tank to the carburetor or fuel injection plugs.
Diaphragm pumps are very common and come in many sizes
Modern plastics are flexible and long lasting making this an
ideal low-maintenance pump for many applications.
Air bleed valve Discharge
Relief valve
Plunger
Diaphragm
Pumping
Hydraulic fluid chamber
Relief valve
Suction
2.2 Rotary
a.Gear pump
This is a type of Rotary Force Pump. Gear
pumps are extremely simple and reliable.
Depending on the number of teeth, the "idler"
gear might be driven directly by the "drive"
gear.
Generally with six or more teeth this is possible.
Mostly applied for viscous fluids.
b. Perstallistic pump
One of the main advantages of the Peristaltic Pump is
cleanliness. It also utilizes another advantage: Fragile blood
cells are not damaged by this pump.
There are usually three or four sets of rollers.
Peristaltic pumps have a variety of medical applications.
They can be used to add nutrients to blood, to force blood
through filters to clean it, or to move blood through the
body and lungs during open heart surgery.
It can also use in laboratory experiments.
2.2 Characteristics Features And Operating Principles
1. Pumps
Both dynamic and positive displacement pumps are
used
From the dynamic, centrifugal and axial flow pumps
are the most commonly used ones
1. Axial flow pumps are used when the flow rate
required is high and the head is low.(HF+LH)
2. Centrifugal pumps are used in high head- low flow
rate applications.(HH+LF)
Although not as common, jet pumps are also used.
Positive displacement pumps are used for low flow
rate high head applications and when the flow rate is
required to remain constant irrespective of variation
in head.
Rotary positive displacement pumps are also
effective in handling viscous liquids.
They are also preferred in high head–low flow rate
applications.
Both reciprocating and rotary pumps are in use.
2. Fans
limited to centrifugal and axial flow
processes requiring low to medium flow rate and high-
pressure centrifugal fans are used.
In high flow rate-low pressure applications axial flow
fans are used.
Figure 2. Axial flow fan
Figure 1. Centrifugal Fan
3. Blowers and compressors
Both dynamic and positive displacement
From the dynamic, centrifugal and axial flow
compressors are the most commonly used.
Their basic features and operation principles are
similar to centrifugal and axial flow pumps
Both rotary and reciprocating positive displacement
compressors are used in process industries
End!
