0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views20 pages

Basic English Grammar: By: Ashwini H Asst - Prof of English Department of Humanities Canara Engineering College

This document discusses the basic English grammar, specifically focusing on parts of speech. It defines 8 parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, it provides definitions and examples. It goes into detail about nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs - their types and usage. It also discusses correct use of adjectives and verb tenses.

Uploaded by

Dhanush Shastry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views20 pages

Basic English Grammar: By: Ashwini H Asst - Prof of English Department of Humanities Canara Engineering College

This document discusses the basic English grammar, specifically focusing on parts of speech. It defines 8 parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, it provides definitions and examples. It goes into detail about nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs - their types and usage. It also discusses correct use of adjectives and verb tenses.

Uploaded by

Dhanush Shastry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

BASIC ENGLISH

GRAMMAR
By: Ashwini H
Asst.Prof of English
Department of Humanities
Canara Engineering College
PARTS OF SPEECH
 Different classes or categories into which words are divided to
study language are called Parts of Speech.
 There are eight parts of speech:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
NOUN: NAME OF A PERSON, PLACE, ANIMAL, AND
THING/QUALITY.

Proper noun: Common noun: Collective noun: Material noun: Abstract noun
Name of person or Common to all Collection of Matter/substance Name of some
place. persons or things persons/things of which things quality, feeling or
E.g.: India, Ram of same taken together are made of. an idea.
class/kind. and spoken of as e.g. gold, milk E.g. beauty ,
E.g.: boy, city one whole. kindness
E.g.: army, family

COUNTABLE NOUNS Common nouns: boy, girl, woman, book.


Collective nouns: crowd, flock, team

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Material noun: gold, silver , cloth


Abstract noun: heath, truth, honesty
PRONOUN: IS A WORD THAT USED IN PLACE OF A NOUN.
(THUS PRONOUN STANDS FOR NOUNS TO AVOID REPETITION.)
Personal Possessive Reflexive Emphatic Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Distributive Relative
pronoun: pronoun: pronoun : pronouns: pronoun: pronoun: pronoun: pronoun: pronoun:
shows the self convey substitute Point out refers to show that the
Ist person: possession. pronouns emphasis. for nouns object(s) to persons/th person(s)/ pronouns-
I, we, my, I-myself and ask which it refers. ings in thing(s) are who, whose,
our, me, My-mine, You- questions. This , that, general. taken one at whom, that
us. yourselves The –self Who these, those Some, time/in and which
Our-ours
He-himself pronouns What many, one, separate join two
II nd person: Their-theirs are called Which all, none, groups. sentences&
you, your, she-herself emphatic Whom anybody, Each, refer back to
yours. Your-yours pronouns. Whose anything, neither, nouns going
It- itself everybody either before them.
IIIrd Person: Her-hers others... E.g. I met
He, she, it, We-ourselves Ram who
him, his, stood first in
her ,they, They- the class.
them, their themselves
ADJECTIVE: IS A WORD WHICH ADDS SOMETHING TO THE MEANING OF A NOUN
OR A PRONOUN.
E.G. HE TOLD US AN INTERESTING STORY.

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES: TELLS US WHAT KIND OF PERSON/THNG IS –Adj of quality. Describe a person or thing- descriptive
ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY adjectives. It answers the question-of what kind?
This child has golden hair.

Restrictive Adjectives: Tells how much of a thing is intended. Answer the question-How much? Little, all, much, whole,
Adjective of quantity enough, great, some, any, sufficient
E.g. He has some rice.

 Adjective of number Tells us how many persons/things are meant or order a person /thing stands. Answer the question-
How many? /in what way or order? Ten, sixty, second, many, few….
E.g. We have few seats vacant.

 Demonstrative Point out which person, things/places are meant. This, that, these, those, same, such.
Adjectives
E.g. This boy is very polite.

 Distributive Shows that the persons/things from a group are taken one at a time. Each, every, either, neither….
Adjectives
Each man has his own opinion.
ADJECTIVE: IS A WORD WHICH ADDS SOMETHING TO THE MEANING OF A NOUN
OR A PRONOUN.
E.G. HE TOLD US AN INTERESTING STORY.
 Interrogative Adjectives. What, which, whose and when used with nouns in asking questions.
Which book do you want?
What information has you about it?

 Possessive Adjectives. Shows possession or ownership. Answer the question- whose?


My car needs repairs.
This is her book

 Proper Adjectives. Proper nouns used as adjective forms of proper nouns.


He is an Indian. (Proper Noun) He is an Indian soldier (proper adjective)
I went to visit France –noun. I enjoyed the French food.-adjective

 Emphasizing Adjectives. Used to emphasize our opinion about something.


I have a very bad cold

 Relative Adjectives. What, which and whose are classed as Relative adjectives when they are used with
nouns to relate clauses
A) I know the boy, and B) his father is a police man.
I know the boy whose father is a police man
CORRECT USE OF ADJECTIVES:

 Each: used when we speak of two things or the things or persons whose number is
limited, every: is used when the number is far more than two and it is not limited.
 E.g. The lightning flashed on each day when it rained.
 Every student did his best to win the prize.
 Few –negative sense- hardly any , A few-affirmative in sense- at least some
 E.g. I have few well-wishers (hardly any)
 I have a few friends and well-wishers. They are trust worthy.
 Little: negative sense-hardly any , A little – affirmative- some
 E.g. There is little milk in the tumbler.
 There is a little juice in the glass.
 Some: affirmative sense , Any: negative sense
 E.g. He has some balls.
 They don’t have any balls with them.
 Many: indicates number , Much : indicates quantity
 E.g. There are many boys in the class.
 There is much money in the box
 All: indicates number and quantity. Whole : indicates quantity only.
 E.g. All students went to Kochi.
 They drank up the whole juice.
VERB: IS A WORD THAT DENOTES AN ACTION
OR BEING OR POSSESSION.
VERB The Principal Verb: Complete verb/Main verb.
E.g. They have a cat.(gives complete sense)

TRANSITIVE VERB: requires an object to complete its meaning.


E.g. The by flew kites.
Intransitive verbs: does not require an object to make sense
but makes good sense by itself.
E.g. The bird flew away.
The Auxiliary Verb: Helping verb.
E.g. I have done my job.
(have -by joining the past participle ‘done ‘conveys complete sense)

Is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should,
will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used
to, (Modal Auxiliaries)
VERBS EXPRESSING THE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE
TENSE PRESENT PAST FUTURE

SIMPLE I study English I studied English I will study English.


S+V1 yesterday. S+Will+V1
S+ V2

CONTINEOUS I am studying I was studying I will be studying


English. English. English.
S + am/is/are +Ving S +Was/Were + S+ Will be+ Ving
Ving
PERFECT I have studied I had studied I will have studied
English. English. English.
S + have/has +V3 S+had+V3 S + will have+V3
PERFECT I have been I had been studying I will have been
CONTINEOUS studying English. English. studying English.
S + have/has + S + had been+ V3 S+ Will+ have been
been + Ving + Ving
MODAL AUXILIARIES
 Shall /will
Shall-used with first person. E.g. We shall meet
tomorrow.
 Will-used with second or third person future tense E.g.
He will live with honor
 Should/Would: Used in subordinate clauses, indirect speech.
 Should: express purpose, duty, future events. E.g. They said
that we should obey our teachers. We should help the needy. 
 Would: express a wish, request, and determination. E.g. I said
that I would help him. Would you give back your book?

 May/Might/Can
 May:possibility, permission, purpose, wish. E.g. You may
come in. May god bless you.
 Might is use in the past tense of May.
 Can: express power. E.g. I can do this work.
ADVERB: MODIFIES THE MEANING OF THE VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR
ANOTHER ADVERB.
E.G. SHE SPEAKS LOUDLY.

Adverb Adverbs of Manner: tells how or in what manner an action is done . Answer the question –How/in what manner?
E.g. He ran fast.

Adverbs of Place: tells where or at what place an action is done. Answer the question –where?
E.g. The peon is sitting outside.

Adverbs of Time: tells when or at what time an action is done. Answer the question –when/at what time?
E.g. We shall go tomorrow.

Adverbs of Frequency/Number: tells how often/how frequently an action is done. Answer the question –How
often/how frequently?
E.g. Mr. Sharma rarely comes to our club.

Adverbs of Quantity/Degree: tells how much/to what degree /to what extend a thing is done. Answer the
question-how often/to what extend/to what degree?
E.g. Mohan is too careless.

Interrogative Adverbs : used for asking the questions.


E.g. Where is the thief hiding?
PREPOSITION: IS A WORD WHICH IS PLACED AFTER A NOUN (OR A
PRONOUN)TO SHOW ITS RELATION TO SOME OTHER WORD IN THE SAME
SENTENCE. E.G. HIS POCKETS ARE FULL OF MONEY.
Preposition of Place {at, in, on, under, behind, by, near, between, before, in front of…}
(Relationship in space or place) Helps The man is in the car. (inside)
ro answer the question WHERE? We live besides a river. (by the side of)

Preposition of Time (Relationship in (in, at, on, before, after, from, till/ until, by, during, since, between)
time) The meeting will begin at three.(a point of time)
I am going to Meerut on Monday.( used with dates)

Preposition of Movement and Preposition of direction towards : to, towards, into, at, for, against.
Direction We went to school.(reached school)
We went towards school(in the direction of the school)
Preposition of direction from: from, off, out of
From shows departure. Off shows separation.
She had already gone from the office.
He fell off from the horse.

Manner: answer the question How? Agency, instrument : I learnt about it through Ram.
Learn this poem by heart He cut his finger with knife.
Cause/Purpose : answer the question Measure, Rate : Milk is sold by litre.(measure)
Why?
He died of heart attack. Apples are selling at 20rs a kilo.(rate)
Origin, inference, source:
These lines are from Nazrul.(origin)
From her looks I could see she was in trouble.(inference)
We get light from sun.(source)
ERRORS OF PREPOSITIONS
He ordered my dismissal. Correct

He ordered for my dismissal. Incorrect

He does not obey my words Correct

He does not obey to my words Incorrect

He persisted in saying this. Correct

He persisted to say this Incorrect

I am tired of this work Correct

I am tired with this work Incorrect

You must compensate me for this loss Correct

You must compensate this loss to me Incorrect


ERRORS OF PREPOSITIONS
He ordered my dismissal. (correct)
He ordered for my dismissal. (incorrect)
He does not obey my words. (correct)
He does not obey to my words (incorrect)
He persisted in saying this. (correct)
He persisted to say this (incorrect)
I am tired of this work. (correct)
I am tired with this work (incorrect)
You must compensate me for this loss (correct)
You must compensate this loss to me (incorrect)
CONJUNCTION: IS A WORD WHICH IS USED TO JOIN WORDS
PHRASES OR SENTENCES TOGETHER.
Coordinating Conjunctions that merely add one statement or fact to another.
(And, both…and, as well as, no less than, not only…but also)
Conjunction: used to The sun set and the night fell.(The sun set .The night fell.)
join two independent Conjunctions that express opposition or contrast between two statements.(But, still, yet,
sentences neverthless, whereas, while and only)
They are poor but they are happy. (They are poor . They are happy.)
Conjunctions that express a choice between two alternatives. (or, otherwise, else, either…or,
neither…nor, )
We could go by bus or train.(We could go by bus . We could go by train.)

Subordinating That, if/whether…


conjunctions: used to
join two statements, She asked me if I could remain alone with her.
one of which is Teacher said that school would remain closed tomorrow.
dependent on the
other .

Correlative either…or, neither…nor, both…as


conjunctions: some As you sow, so shall you reap.(as---so)
conjunctions convey their
full sense only when they He is not only honest but sincere also. (not only---but also)
are used in pairs.
THE ARTICLES
 The words a, an and the are called Articles.

 Articles are actually Demonstrative Adjectives.

 The is generally called Definite article, because it is


used when we speak of some particular or definite
person or thing.

 A or AN is called Indefinite article because it does not


point out any particular or definite person or thing.
THE ARTICLES: USE OF A OR AN
 A is used-  An is used before-
 Before a word beginning with a  Word beginning with a
consonant as; a kite, a monkey. vowel(a, e, i, o, u)
 Before such vowels as have the An elephant, an apple
sound of yu(yoo);as a unit, such  Words beginning with silent h;
a one. as ,
 Before the word one which An hour, an honesty
begins with a consonant sound
of wa ; as , a one-rupee note,
such a one.  Abbreviations, if Consonants
 Note the use of a in the begin with a vowel sound,
following phrases: to be in a An M.A; an M.P; but a Ph.D.;
hurry; in a low voice a B.A.
USE OF THE
 When we refer to some, particular person or things; as,
Let us walk towards the front gate.
 When a singular common noun is used to indicate a whole class; as,
The dog is a faithful animal.(=dogs in general)
 Before the names of- Rivers, Seas and Oceans, Mountain ranges,
Groups of islands, Sacred Books, Newspapers, Well known buildings,
Trains, Ships, Aero planes, The Directions, The whole families.
 Before Common Nouns which are names of things unique of their kind
as earth, sun, sky etc.
The earth revolves around the sun.
 Before a proper Adjective when people or nation is understood (but
omitted when a language is understood); as,
The Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians
USE OF THE
 Before Adjectives in the superlative Degree and before Ordinal
Numeral Adjectives; as,
This is the best movie I have ever seen.
 Before an Adjective when the Noun is understood .
The rich(=rich men)should help the poor(=poor men).
 With such phrases as,
the first, the last, the next, the only, the same, the following, the
previous:
the last bench, the only son, the next house.
 In such combinations; as,
To speak the truth, the only son.
 Note the use of the in the following:
The more we get, the more we desire.
THANK YOU

You might also like