PERCEPTION-Nature, Laws & selectivity
in perception, Factors in perception,
Importance of perception in extension
work
Presented To: Dr Rajesh Kasrija
Presented By: Niharika Thakur
WHAT IS PERCEPTION ???
• Perception: is a process
by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.
or
• Process of organizing and interpreting sensory data in
terms of one’s previous experience and present
needs.
or
• RESPONSE TO STIMULUS
Characteristics of perception
• Complete mental process of cognition
• Gives knowledge about outside objects
• Involves excitation of sense organs
• Combining activity
• An analyzing activity
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
TYPES OF PERCEPTION
Selective Attention Selective Distortion Selective Retention
(process of reacting (process which (process whereby
to certain stimuli occurs when people people more
selectively when subconsciously try accurately
several occur to make new info fit remember
simultaneously) their old ideas) messages that are
closet to their
interests, beliefs
and values)
STAGES IN PERCEPTION
Sensation (meaningful awareness of the object)
Attention (perceptual readiness )
Understanding (getting meaning of the object)
Relating to past experience
Perception (final perception
Phases in perception
According to Burner-3 phases of perception process:
Hypothesis or a kind of expectancy preparing an
individual for perceiving in a particular fashion
Input of information from the environment –
acceptance or rejection of an information depends
upon the kind of hypothesis set up
Hypothesis to be conformed or treated
Determinants of perception
Outer determinants Inner determinants
Intensity and contrast Sets and expectation
Change and movement Interest and attitudes
Number and Suggestions
arrangement
Needs and values
Structures and pattern
Nature of perception
• Perception is a process
• Perception is the information extractor
• Perception is preparation to response
• Perception involves sensation
• Perception provides organization
• Perception is highly individualized
LAWS of Perception (also called as
Gestalt’s Laws )
1. Law of Figure-Ground Relationship
2. Law of Closure
3. Law of Grouping
4. Law of Contrasts
5. Law of Simplicity
6. Law of Context
7. Law of Adaptability
Contd..
1 . Law of Figure-Ground 2. Law of Closure
Relationship • While confronting an
• Figure is perceived in incomplete pattern one
relationship to its tends to complete or
background close the pattern or fill
• Perception of object or in sensory gaps and
figure in terms of color, perceives as a
shape, size, intensity and meaningful whole.
interpretation, etc.
depends on figure-ground
relationship
Contd...
3. Law of Grouping 4. Law of contrasts
Tendency to perceive stimuli • Stimuli or object in
in organized meaningful sharp contrast to
patterns by grouping them nearby stimuli or object
on solid basis like:
may draw maximum
i. Similarity attention and carry
different perceptual
ii. Proximity effects
• May lead to distortion
iii. Continuity of perception
Contd...
5. Law of simplicity 6. Law of context
• Sensory stimulation is • Setting in which a
interpreted to perceive perceived stimulus or
simplest possible object appears
pattern • Change in context-bring a
• Simplicity of a figure- great change in perception
information provides 7. Law of Adaptability
knowledge of the whole Depends upon the
adaptability of the
perceiver to perceive the
similar stimuli.
What is selectivity in perception?
Selectivity in perception is a form of bias that
causes people to perceive messages and
actions according to their frame of reference.
Using selective perception, people tend to
overlook or forget information that contradicts
their beliefs or expectations
TYPES OF SELECTIVITY IN PERCEPTION
Perceptual vigilance Perceptual defense
Refers to people noticing Refers to people
stimuli such as advertising
or news reports that are
creating a barrier to
significant to them. screen out stimuli they
find threatening or
For example, someone unpleasant.
considering buying a certain
brand of car is more likely to
notice ads about that car
For example, a smoker
than someone who is might filter out a photo
neutral to the brand. of a diseased lung.
FACTORS IN PERCEPTION
• A number of factors shape and distort perception.
• Factors can reside in the perceiver, object or
target being perceived or in the context of the
situation in which the perception is made.
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Factors affecting perception of rural people
Characteristics of stimuli Similarity
Nearness • Similar objects
• Physical nearness or perceived as belonging
proximity of objects to together
each other
• objects nearer to each Inclusiveness
other are grouped • Parts of objects when
together included- better
perception
CONTD..
Closure Characteristics of perceiver
• When parts of objects are • Social factors-cultural
close and maintained opportunities/limitation,
equidistant-perception is social taboos, social
suggestions
clear
• Accuracy of perception- acc.
Context to condition of the farmer
• The way the object as
whole is perceived- • Interaction of senses-
influence the meaning of activation of senses acc. to
the part the perceiver
Contd…
• Previous experience-person has an expectancy on what he is
going to perceive
• Physical condition-body defects, phobia etc.
• Levels of Knowledge- lack of knowledge and poor perception.
• Organic condition- condition of the subject/perceiver
• Potential needs and values- needs which are perceived more
• Attitude- negative or positive
Importance and Role of perception in
Extension work
• Faulty perception: good results of one farmer
will motivate others
• Differential perception: if meaning of object
not conceived properly-faulty adoption
• Distorted perception: messages distorted-
implementation of adoption-faulty
Contd…
• If farmer has to perceive properly-extension
worker has to understand the qualities of
stimulus-perceive properly- communicate the
invention
• Perception depends on need-only need
messages should be communicated
Perception: Barrier to extension
Mainly two barriers:
• Emotions : old stereotypic ideas
• Suggestions : may be wrong and due to wrong
diagnosis by one of the perceivers
Errors of Perception
• Illusions: wrong or mistaken perception
• Hallucinations : figure or an object perceived
because of subjective conditions
