Disease and pest on 5 top

Vegetable crops
(tomato,potato,pepper,onion & cabbage
) with their control
measure
Prepared by
Addisu chibsaa
march 2015
7/3/2015
yabeloo 1
 What is crop pathogens
 Any organism or substance, especially a micro
organism capable of causing disease such as
bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi.

 Pathogens - fungus
- virus
- Nematodes
etc

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 The targeted crop disease and pest on vegetable
farm

1. Late blight (fungus)

2. Common scab(fungus)
3. Black leg(soft rot) fungus
4. Leaf roll (virus)
5. Early blight(fungus)
6. Tomato spotted wilt(virus)
7. Bacterial fruit canker(bacteria)
8. African ball worm
9. Dimond back moth
10.Aphids
11.Smudge(fungus)
12.Smut(fungus)
13.Onion thrips
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 DISEASES OF POTATO
1) Late blight – Phytophthora infestans
Symptoms
 Usually infection starts in 6 weeks old plants
 Initially starts from leaf tips or margins and spread inward
 Small faded green patches on upper surface of leaf which turn into
brown spots
 Downy growth of the pathogen on subsequent lower surface
 Progressive defoliation and collapse of plants under favorable
conditions
 Water soaked stripes on stem which becomes necrotic
 Purplish brown spots appear on skin of tubers
 On cutting, the affected tubers show rusty brown necrosis spreading
from the surface to the center
 Decay of plant parts under favorable weather which emits foul smell
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 Conti…

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 Disease cycle
 Infected potato tubers or oospores
 Collateral host: Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum), Pepper and egg plant.
 Conidia dispersed by wind or water
Favourable conditions
 Cool moist conditions
 RH: >90% and with suitable temperature (12-
24 C)
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 Management

 Select healthy tubers for planting

 Delayed harvesting
 High ridging to about 10-15cm height reduces
tuber infection
 Grow resistant varieties

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 Contin…
Metalaxyl (0.1%) or Mancozeb (0.25%) or
chlorothalonil (0.2%) or BM (1%) can be
applied at 10 to 15 days intervals.
 Dip sprouted tubers in 0.2% metalaxyl for 30
min.

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2.Common scab – Streptomyces scabies

Symptoms
 Small brownish and slightly raised spots on
tubers
 Spots enlarge, coalesce and become corky
 Lesions typically possess a raised margin and
slightly depressed center

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 Conti…

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 Survival and spread

 Soil, water, wind blown soil and infected tubers

 Pathogen enters through unsupervised lenticels or wounds
Management
 Use of disease free tubers
 Crop rotation with wheat-oat or potato-onion-maize (4yrs)
 Hold the soil pH at about 5.3 by addition of sulphur
 Green manuring before planting potato
 Dipping of infected tubers in 3% boric acid for 30 min.

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 3.Black leg (Soft rot) – Erwinia caratovora
subsp. caratovora

Symptoms
Disease occurs in two phases – Blackleg of shoots and soft rot of
tubers
3.1 Blackleg
 Plants are stunted with a stiff, erect growth habit.
 Foliage becomes chlorotic and the leaflets tend to roll
upward at the margins.
 Stems of infected plants exhibit an inky black decay.
 The base of the stem is often completely rotted.
 Plants may wilt.

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 3.2.Soft rot
 Soft rot include rotted tissues that are wet, cream to tan in color,
and soft.
 Rot begins on the tuber surface and progresses inward.
 Infected tissues are sharply delineated from healthy tissue by dark
brown or black margins
 Shallow necrotic spots on the tubers result from infections through
lenticels
 Rotting tissue is usually odorless in the early stages of decay, but
develops a foul
odor as secondary organisms invade infected tissue.
 Soft rot also infects wounded stems and roots

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 Conti…

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 Conti…

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 Survival and spread
 Survive in diseased and contaminated tubers
 Spread through contaminated soil, tubers and
maggot flies
Favourable conditions
 High humidity (94 – 100%)
Temperature (21 – 29 C)
 Late blight and Fusarium tuber rot infections
predispose soft rot
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 Management
 Remove all debris from warehouses and disinfect the walls with
formaldehyde or copper sulphate
 Avoid wounding of plants and storage organs
 Products to be stored should be dry, and the humidity and
temperatures of warehouses should be kept low
 Crop rotation with cereals
 Crop should be planted in well drained areas and at sufficient
distances to allow adequate ventilation
 Insect control(especially maggot flies)
 Dip cut seed pieces of potato in a solution of Streptocycline 30
min
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 4.Leaf roll – Potato leaf roll virus
Symptoms
 Upward rolling of leaves, which have a stiff
leathery texture
 Plants stunted and have a stiff upright growth
 Phloem necrosis of tubers in some varieties

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 Conti…

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 Conti…
Spread
 Infected seed tubers or by aphids
Management
 Disease free seed tubers for planting
 Aphid control

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 DISEASES OF TOMATO
1) Early blight – Alternaria solani
Symptoms
 Small, isolated, scattered pale brown spots on the leaf
 Fully developed spots are irregular, brown to dark brown in colour
and with concentric rings inside the spot
 Lowest leaves are attacked first and the disease progresses
upwards
 In severe attacks the entire plant may be defoliated
 Zonate lesions may also develop on stems and petioles, which
break at the point of infection
 Brown spots are also seen on calyx
 Slightly dark, sunken, round to irregular lesions on fruit at the calyx
end

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 Survival and spread
 Mycelium or conidia in infected plant debris
 Conidia dispersed by wind, water or rain
splash
 Dry warm weather alternating with the
intermittent rain.

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 Management
 Maintain proper vigor of the plant
 Use of disease free seed
 Removal and burning of diseased crop debris
 [email protected]% or [email protected]% or
Zineb@ 0.25% spray at weekly intervals

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 2.Tomato spotted wilt – Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
(TSWV
Symptoms
 Stunting is a common symptom of TSWV infection
 Chlorotic or necrotic rings form on the leaves of many infected
hosts
 Pale red or yellow areas with concentric circular marking in the
normal red
 skin of ripe tomato are formed(is not normal ripening)
 Discoloration of seed
 Thickening of veins and bronzing of young leaves
 Growing tips may die-back and terminal branches may be streaked
 Affected plants may have a one sided growth habit or may be
entirely stunted and have drooping leaves,suggesting a wilt.

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 Mode of spread and Survival
 Thrips are the major spread of disease
 Adult thrips transmit the disease, only when the
larvae acquire the virus from infected plants
 Collateral hosts French bean, Gerbera sp., groundnut,
Lagasca mollis, lettuce, marigold, pea,
 pepper, pineapple, potato, water melon

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 Management
 Removal and destruction of infected plants &
weed hosts
 Vector control with dimethoate or methyl
demeton at 10 days interval
 Growing a barrier crop reduces vector
migration.
 Spraying of sorghum or coconut leaf extract.

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 3.Bacterial fruit canker: Clavibacter
michiganense subsp. michiganense
Symptoms
 Disease appears as spots on leaves, stems and fruits and as wilting
of leaves and shoots.
 White blister like spots in the margins of leaves
 Spots become brown , but do not fall off
 Leaves wilt and curl upward
 Cracks develop in streaks and form cankers
 Slimy bacterial ooze through the cracks in humid weather
 Small, shallow, water soaked, white spots on fruits
 The centers of white spots become slightly raised, tan colored and
rough

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 Conti…
 Birds eye like appearance of spots, which
have brownish centers and white halos
 Vascular discoloration
 Large cavities in pith and cortex which extend
to outer surface of stem and cause cankers.

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 Contin…

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 Survival and spread
 Survive in or on seeds and on plant debris in soil
 Spreads through the seed and Solanaceous weeds such as
Solanum nigrum
Management
 Extraction of seed through fermentation of pulp at room
temperature for 72 hours eradicates the bacterium from the
seed.
 Hot water treatment of seed at 52 C
 Three year crop rotation
 Protective sprays with streptomycin sulphate
 Soil solarization
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 4. African ball worm

Symptom and survival

 ABW attacks a variety of food and cash crops.
 Eggs are normally laid near or on flowers or small fruits
 Young larvae are generally yellowish-white to reddish-brown

 After hatching the larvae move to green tomatos

The fully-grown larvae are about 40 mm long (Variable color).
Are characterized by lengthwise alternating light and dark stripes,

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 Damage

 When flower buds are attacked, flower abortion occurs.

 Cause extensive fruit damage and promote decay caused by
secondary infections
 Caterpillars feed on leaves, flowers and fruit.

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ABW larva; and adult moth (inset) Damaged fruit

secondary infection

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 Management
Tilling and plowing old tomato fields

Using trap crops; Maize and sorghum have been

recommended as trap crops to divert the African bollworm
Destruction of weeds
Use of ABW resistant varieties of tomato such as "Melka
salsa' and 'Melka shola'

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 Conti…
 Early detection of the eggs or the caterpillars before they
bore into the fruits is important.
 Hand picking and destruction of eggs is feasible at low
infestations.
 the microbial insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis) at 1 kg per ha
applied at flowering and fruiting periods

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 Conti…
Applications of insecticides for the control of
African bollworm on tomato should be made at
flowering and fruiting stages
 Agro-Lambacin Super 315 EC (Profenofos 30% +
Lambda cyhalothrin 1.5% EC) registered for ABW
control on other plants
 Dimethoate 40% EC (Agro-Thoate 40% EC)
registered for ABW control On other plants.

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 pest of pepper

African ballworm
Symptom and survival

 A small darkened partially healed hole

 Inside of the fruit has a cavity that contains frass and decay

Caterpillars often move from one fruit to the next destroying

only small portion of each fruit.

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Caterpillar in pepper fruit and visible damage symptoms

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 Management
Removal of crop residues and Plowing fields

Use Trap crops like lupin, pigeonpea,

Use pest free seedlings

Destroy cultivated hosts (eg.,Tomato, egg plant) and wild hosts (eg. Datura and solanum)

Selective removal and destruction of infested plant material

Removal and destruction of infested fruit.

Infested fruit sorted out as unmarketable should not be left around the farm.
 

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 Conti…

 Thionex 25 % ULV, Thionex 35 % ULV, Thionex 25 %

 EC/ULV(endosulfan) Apply at 1-2 lit per ha
 Helerat 5%Ec(Lambda Cyhlothrin) Apply at 1-2 lit per ha

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 Pests of cabbage
Dimond back moth
Symptom and survival
 leaves with holes The adult is a small grayish-brown
moth, about 8 mm in length, with a wingspan of
about 15 mm.
 Diamond pattern on its back when its wings are closed
at rest, hence its common name.
 Eggs are tiny white, flat and oval shaped; laid on the
leaves singly or in group
 Larvae are pale green, wide in the middle part and
measures 12 mm when fully grown
 Larvae are active, and when disturbed wiggle
violently and drop to the ground, remain suspended
only by a silken thread.
 Pupa is greenish at first and changes to brownish as
the moth develops
 Feeding by larvae causes damage to leaves
(Skeletonized ).
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 Life cycle of Diamondback moth
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 DBM damage symptom on cabbage

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Close up of DBM damage on cabbage
 Management

Use of sprinkler irrigation .

remove and burn or compost crop residues
immediately after harvest.
the microbial insecticide (Bacillus thuingiensis)1 kg
pe ha.
Use of parasitoids such as Diadegma semiclausum
Intercropping brassicas with repellent plants such as
tomato
Rimon 10% EC (Novaluron) registered for the control
of other pests on other plants (Apply at 0.5 L per ha)
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 Aphids
Symptom and survival
 Is major pest of brassica next to diamondback
moth
 Adult are small- to medium-size (winged or
wingless) 
 Adults measure 1.6-2.8 mm in length.
 They are grayish-green or dull mid-green in color
and covered with a fine waxy grey mealy powder.
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 Conti…

 Direct feeding and virus transmission

 Direct feeding causes leaf curl, discoloration, stunted growth

and death of the infested plants
 In heavy infestations, honeydew are produced on which sooty
mould fungus grows .

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 The cabbage aphid Damaged cabbage

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 Management
Actara 25 w 1.5 to 3 oz allow 7 days between
application
Admire pro 1.3 fl oz allow 5 days between
application for aphids and flea beetles
Assail 30 SG 2to 3 oz allow 7 days between
application
Beleaf 2.13 SG 2 to2.8 oz allow 7 days
between application

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 DISEASES OF ONION
1.Smudge – Colletotrichum circinans
Symptoms
 Chiefly a disease of scales of bulb. Red scaled onions are usually
resistant to the smudge due to the presence of protocatacheuic
acid and catechol
 Damping off in seed bed under wet and warm conditions.
 Disease appears at all stages and also during storage and
transportation
 the outer most layer of the bulb dark green to almost black
smudge appear on the bulb.
 Circular lesions with concentric rings of dark stromata and
mycelium appear on leaves
 Small, sunken and yellow lesions on inner scales
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Pinkish mass of fungal growth on lesions under humid conditions
52
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 Conti…
Survival and spread
 Soil and on infected onions
 Wind borne conidia
Favourable conditions
 Wet soils with a temperature of 26 C
Management
 Resistant varieties: like adama red onions
 Protection of bulbs from rains after harvest
 Dry bulbs properly before storage by hot air at 37 –48C
 Spray zineb or captan @0.2% before harvest of crop.
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 2.Smut – Urocystis cepulae
Symptoms
 Fungus attacks cotyledons of young plants soon after their
emergence causing dark, elongated eruptive spots
 On older leaves, the lesions may extend from base to the tip
and appear as blisters (water soaked)
 Lesions develop into thickened areas of several mm in size
 Lesions burst open releasing masses of black smut spores
 Severely affected plants killed within 3-4 weeks of emergence
 Surviving plants are stunted with stout, brittle, distorted
leaves bearing lesions throughout their length
 Numerous blisters appear on leaves and bulb scales of mature
plants which rupture to expose masses of black powdery
spores
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 Conti…

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 Survival and spread
 Spore overwintering in infected soil
 Wind blown soil and surface driange water, onion bulbs
and onion transplants
Favourable conditions
 Optimum temperature of 10-20 C
Management
 thiram@3 g/Kg seed
 Crop rotation and use of disease free seedlings
 Cultivar, Hardy white bunching is resistant
 Spray with captan or ferbam @0.2% along with a sticker
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 3. Onion Thirps
symptom and survival
 Thrips are very small (about the size of a flea).
 Immatures are either yellow or white.
 Older individuals are yellowish-brown and move
quickly.
 They feed by rasping the epidermis of the leaves and
sucking the sap that exude.
 They often congregate along the leaf veins.
 Thrips damaged onion leaves are silvery or have tiny
brownish marks or spots.
 They may be wilted or distorted. Outer leaves are
brown at the tips.
 One generation can take place in about three weeks.
 Management
 Destruction of crop residues and Plowing
fields after harvesting
 Avoid planting onion crops in consecutively
(crop rotation is must)
 Prepare the soil well before transplanting
 Intercropping onion with carrot or cabbage
 Remove the weeds because that may harbor
thrips
 Contin…
 Mulching with straw may provide shelter for thirps
predators
 Use sprinkler irrigation to reduce thirps population Use
yellow sticky traps
Nimbicidine (Neem); apply at one ml per L of
water
 Radiant (Tracer); apply at 130 ml per ha
 Check for other insecticides registered for use
against thirps on onion
 10 Q For

Thanks For Your Attention

Your Attention

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