0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views42 pages

Chapter One: Complex Stresses

1) Stress is defined as the internal resistance offered by a body to external loads applied and is measured as force per unit area. Stresses are either tensile or compressive depending on whether the forces act to pull or push the material. 2) Normal stresses act perpendicular to the plane they act upon, while shear stresses act parallel to the plane. Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum normal stresses that act on principal planes where no shear stress is present. 3) For combined stresses, the material is subjected to both normal and shear stresses simultaneously. Transforming the stresses to principal planes allows determining the maximum stress experienced by the material.

Uploaded by

Abel Yohannes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views42 pages

Chapter One: Complex Stresses

1) Stress is defined as the internal resistance offered by a body to external loads applied and is measured as force per unit area. Stresses are either tensile or compressive depending on whether the forces act to pull or push the material. 2) Normal stresses act perpendicular to the plane they act upon, while shear stresses act parallel to the plane. Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum normal stresses that act on principal planes where no shear stress is present. 3) For combined stresses, the material is subjected to both normal and shear stresses simultaneously. Transforming the stresses to principal planes allows determining the maximum stress experienced by the material.

Uploaded by

Abel Yohannes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

DMiT

Chapter one
Complex stresses

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Stress
2  Introduction: Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body to the external load applied to
it per unit cross sectional area. Stresses are normal to the plane to which they act and are tensile or
compressive in nature.

 externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a deformation


 From equilibrium point of view, this action should be opposed or reacted by internal forces which are set
up within the particles of material due to cohesion.
 These internal forces give rise to a concept of stress.
 Consider a rectangular rod subjected to axial pull P. Let us imagine that the same rectangular bar is
assumed to be cut into two halves at section XX.
 Now stress is defined as the force intensity or force per unit area. Here we use a symbol  to represent the
stress prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.….

Where,  =
3
Where A is the area of the X –X section
 an assumption that the total force or total load carried by the rectangular bar is uniformly distributed over
its cross – section. But the stress distributions may be for from uniform, with local regions of high stress
known as stress concentrations.
 If the force carried by a component is not uniformly distributed over its cross – sectional area, A, we must
consider a small area, ‘δA’ which carries a small load ‘δP’, of the total force ‘P', Then definition of stress is
 = δ𝑃/δ𝐴
TYPES OF STRESSES:
 Only two basic stresses exists : (1) normal stress and (2) shear stress. Other stresses either are similar to
these basic stresses or are a combination of this.
 For example, bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses.
 Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a shearing stress.
 Normal stresses : We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are normal to the areas
concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek
letter (σ)
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
4

 This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses acts only in one direction however,
such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where either the two
mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as
shown in the figures below

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont……
5 Tensile or compressive Stresses: The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the
stresses acts out of the area or into the area.

Sign convections for Normal stress


Direct stresses or normal stresses
- tensile +ve
- compressive –ve

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont……
 the cross – sectional area of a block of material is subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel,
6
rather than normal, to the area concerned.
 Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred to as shear forces. The
resulting stress is known as shear stress.

 the mean shear stress being equal to τ=


 Where P is the total force and A the area over which it acts.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont……

 Complementary shear stresses: The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the element
7
induces complementary shear stresses on the other two sides of the element to maintain equilibrium. As
shown in the figure the shear stress τ in sides AB and CD induces a complimentary shear stress τ ' in
sides AD and BC.

Sign convections for shear stresses:


- tending to turn the element C.W +ve.
- tending to turn the element C.C.W – ve.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Complex stress
8  Materials in a stressed component often have direct and shear stress acting in two or more direction at
the same time.
 This is a complex stress situation.
 The designer must then find the maximum stress in the martial.
 In this course we will only considering stress in two dimensional x and y

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Complex stress

 Principal planes are these planes within the material such that the resultant stresses across them are
wholly normal stresses or planes across which no shearing stresses occur.
 Principal stresses are those stresses which are acting on the principal planes.
 •The plane carrying the maximum normal stress is called the major principal plane and the stress acting
on it is called major principal stress.
 •The plane carrying minimum normal stress is known as minor principal plane and the stress acting on it
is called as minor principal stress.

Fig .1
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.……

10  The most general state of stress at a given point Q may be represented by six components
fig a
 Three of these components, x,  y, and  z, define the normal stresses exerted on the faces of a
small cubic element centered at Q and of the same orientation as the coordinate axes.
 the other three, τxy, τyz, and τzx,† the components of the shearing stresses on the same element.
 If the cube is rotate fig b. there is transfer of stresses.
 Our discussion of the transformation of stress will deal mainly with plane stress, i.e., with a situation
in which two of the faces of the cubic element are free of any stress. If the z axis is chosen
perpendicular to these faces, we have  z = τzx =τ zy = 0, and the only remaining stress components
are  x,  y, and τxy see fig 2

Fig 2

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.……

11

Fig. 3
If it is subjected to combined stress the maximum and the minimum stress is occurred inclined to at any
point about angle θ.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE STRESS
12 In order to determine normal stress and shear stress

 if the area of the oblique face is denoted by Δ A and the areas of the vertical and horizontal
faces are respectively equal to Δ A cos θ and Δ A sin θ.
Using equilibrium equation of forces in x’ and y’ axis

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


1. Stresses on oblique planes
13
 Consider the general case, shown in Fig. below of a bar under direct load F giving rise to stress y vertically.

Fig. Bar subjected to direct stress, showing stresses acting on any inclined plane.
 Let the block be of unit depth; then considering the equilibrium of forces on the triangular resolving forces
perpendicular to BC

 perpendicular to BC =0
 from definition of stress
 F=σ*A where, σ stress prependular to the plan and ‘’A’’ the area of the plan
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
Thus = 0
14
But, AB = BC sinθ ,
θ x BC x 1=y sinθ x AB x 1
Substituting, AB = BC sinθ ,
θ x BC x 1=y sinθ x BC sinθ x 1
Removing area in both side
θ =y θ………………….eq 1.1
Now resolving forces parallel to BC,
τθ x BC x 1=y cosθ x AB x 1
Again AB = BC sin θ,
τθ x BC x 1=y cosθ x BC sin θ x 1
Removing area in both side
τθ =y sin θ cosθ ………….eq 1.2
From trigomtry relation
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.……
15

=
Substituting, = in eq 2
= y ……….eq 1.3
 The stresses on the inclined plane, therefore, are not simply the resolutions of y perpendicular and
tangential to that plane.
 The direct stress θ has a maximum value of y when θ = 90" whilst the shear stress , has a maximum

,
value of y when = 45“
 Thus any material whose yield stress in shear is less than half that in tension or compression will yield
initiallyprepared
in shear under
by Mamaru .w the action of direct tensile or compressive forces 06/05/2022
Example 1: A circular bar 40 mm diameter carries an axial tensile load of 100 kN.
What is the value of the shear stress on the planes on which the normal stress has a
16 value of 50 MN/m’ tensile?
Given:
D = 40mm = 0.04m

F = 100 kN
A=π Now the normal stress on an oblique plane is given by eqn. 1.1
Required
τθ =?
θ = 50 MN/m
The shear stress on the oblique plane is then given by eqn .1.3

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


2. Material subjected to pure shear
 Consider the element shown in Fig. below to which shear stresses have been applied to the sides AB and
17 DC.
 Complementary shear stresses of equal value but of opposite effect are then set up on sides AD and BC
in order to prevent rotation of the element.
 Since the applied and complementary shears are of equal value on the x and y planes, they are both given
the symbol Xy.

Fig. Stresses on an element subjected to pure shear.


 Consider now the equilibrium of portion PBC.
 Resolving stresse normal to PC assuming unit depth
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
18 θ x pC x 1 = τxy sinθ x Bc x 1 + τxy cosθ x pB x 1 ………….eq (2.1)
Where, BC = PC cos θ and PB = PC sinθ substituting this in eq (2.1)
θ x pC x 1= τxy sinθ x PC cos θ x 1 + τxy cosθ x PC sinθ x 1
Removing pc from the equations
θ = τxy sinθ cos θ + τxy cosθ sinθ
θ = 2τxy sinθ cos θ…………….eq (2.2)
From trigonometric relation. Sin2θ = 2sinθ cos θ
Substituting the value in eq 2.2 the final equation become
θ = τxy Sin2θ ……………eq (2.3)
 The maximum value of θ is τxy when θ = 45".

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.……
19  Similarly, resolving forces parallel to PC
τθ x pC x 1 = τxy sinθ x PB x 1 - τxy cosθ x BC x 1 ……………eq (2.4)
where, PB = PC sinθ and BC = PC cosθ, substituting this in eq (2.4)
τθ x pC x 1 = τxy sinθ x PC sinθ x 1 - τxy cosθ x PC cosθ x 1
eliminating PC from eq finally
τθ = τxy sinθ sinθ - τxy cosθ cosθ
τθ = τxy θ - θ )………… eq(2.5)
From trigonometry relation, θ -θ = cos2 θ but, θ - θ = - cos2 θ
Substituting this in eq 2.5 finally
τθ = - τxycos2 θ ……….eq 2.6
 The negative sign means that the sense of τ θ is opposite to that assumed in Fig above.
 The maximum value of τθ is τxy when θ= 0" or 90" and it has a value of zero when θ = 45",

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


3. Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses
 Consider the rectangular element of unit depth shown in Fig. below subjected to a system of two direct
20 stresses, both tensile, at right angles, x and y.

Fig. Element from a material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses.
For equilibrium of the portion ABC, resolving perpendicular to AC,
θ x AC x 1 = x cosθ x Bc x 1 + y sinθ x AB x 1…………….(eq 3.1)
Where, BC = AC cosθ and AB =AC sinθ substituting this in eq 3.1
1 =byMamaru
θ x AC xprepared x cosθ.w
x AC cosθ x 1 + y sinθ x AC sinθ x 1 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
 Eliminating AC from equ.
21
θ = x cosθ cosθ x + y sinθ sinθ
θ = x θ + y θ
From trigonometric relation, θ = and θ =
Then θ = x () + y ()
With rearranging the equ.
θ = + ………..eq3.2
 Resolving parallel to AC,
τθ x AC x 1 = x sinθ x Bc x 1 - y cosθ x AB x 1……….eq3.3
Where, BC =AC cosθ and AB = AC sinθ, substituting this in eq 3.3
τθ x AC x 1 = x sinθ x AC cosθ x 1 - y cosθ x AC sinθ x 1
Eliminating AC from the equation

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.………
Then, τθ = x sinθcosθ - y cosθsinθ
22
τθ = (x - y)cosθsinθ………….…equ3.4
From trigonometric relation, sin2θ = 2cosθsinθ
Cosθsinθ = substituting this in equ 3.4
τθ = (x - y)
 The maximum direct stress will equal x or y whichever is the greater, when θ = 0 or 90
 The maximum shear stress in the plane of the applied stresses occurs when θ = 45
 There for, τθ = (x - y)……………..equ 3.6

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


4. Material subjected to combined direct and shear stresses
 Consider the complex stress system shown in Fig. below acting on an element of material.
23
 The stresses x and y may be compressive or tensile and may be the result of direct forces or bending.
The shear stresses may be as shown or completely reversed and occur as a result of either shear forces
or torsion.

Fig. Two-dimensional complex stress system


 The diagram thus represents a complete stress system for any condition of applied load in two
dimensions and represents an addition of the stress systems previously considered in equation 3.2 and
equation 2.3
 For combined direct and share stress it is simply adding two mutually perpendicular direct stresses
and pure shear stresses
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
The formulae obtained in these sections may therefore be adding the two equations gives,
24
θ = + ….stresses due two mutually perpendicular direct stresses
θ = τxy Sin2θ …….. Stresses due to pure shear stresses, adding to equations
θ = + + τxy Sin2θ ………..eq 4.1
Stresses due to combined direct and shear stresses
 Similarly the shear stresses adding of eq 3.5 and eq 2.6 gives,
τθ = (x - y)…….shear stresses due two mutually perpendicular direct stresses
τθ = - τxycos2θ ………shear Stresses due to pure shear stresses, adding to equations gives,
τθ = (x - y) - τxycos2θ ………….equ 4.2
Shear Stresses due to combined direct and shear stresses.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.……
 The maximum and minimum stresses which occur on any plane in the material can now be
25 determined as,
 For θ to be a maximum or minimum, = 0
θ = + + τxy Sin2θ
= 0= θ = + + 2τxy Sin2θ
= -) Sin2θ + 2τxy cos2θ = 0
From dervatives,
= - Sin2θ and = then,
) Sin2θ = 2τxy cos2θ divided both side with cos2θ
= tan =

tan = ……………4.3

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.…..

26 From right angle triangle

Therefore substituting in eqn.4.1 the maximum and minimum direct stresses are given by
θ = + + τxy Sin2θ, substituting and Sin2θ the value of direct stress 1 and 2
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.……
Then
27

 These are then termed the principal stresses of the system


 The solution of eqn. (4.3) yields two values of 2θ separated by 180deg, i.e. two values of θ
separated by 90deg.
 Thus the two principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes termed principal planes and
substitution for θ from eqn. (4.3) into the shear stress expression eqn. 4.3 will show that τθ = 0 on the
principal planes.
 The complex stress system of combined direct stresses and shear stresses is now reduced to the
equivalent system of principal stresses.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.…..

28

fig. Principal planes and stresses.


 the maximum shear stress present in the system is given by

 and this occurs on planes at 45 deg to the principal planes.


This value is get with substituting value of θ in equ 4.2 and differentiating this equ and equating to zero
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Example: A structural member supports loads which produce, at a particular point, a direct tensile stress
of 80 N/ and a shear stress of 45 N/ on the same plane. Calculate the values and directions of the
29 principal stresses at the point and also the maximum shear stress, stating on which planes this will act.
Suppose that the tensile stress acts in the x direction and no direct stress in y direction.
Then, from given data
x = 80 N/
τxy = 45 N/
y = 0

The maximum shear stress is given by

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Example: For the state of plane stress shown in Fig. determine (a) the principal planes, (b) the
principal stresses, (c) the maximum shearing stress and the corresponding normal stress.
30

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


The principal planes and principal stresses are sketched Making θ = we check that the normal stress exerted on
face BC of the element is the maximum stress:
31

 Since max and min have opposite signs, the value obtained for τmax actually represents the maximum
value of the shearing stress at the point considered. The orientation of the planes of maximum shearing
stress and the sense of the shearing stresses are best determined by passing a section along the diagonal
plane AC of the element of Fig Since the faces AB and BC of the element are contained in the principal
planes, the diagonal plane AC must be one of the planes of maximum shearing stress.
 Furthermore, the equilibrium conditions for the prismatic element ABC require that the shearing stress
exerted on AC be directed as shown.
 The normal stress on each of the four faces of the element is given by

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


5. Principal plane inclination in terms of the associated principal stress
 It has been stated in the previous section that expression (4.3), namely
32
tan = , yields two values of θ, i.e. the inclination of the two principal planes on which the principal stresses
1 and 2 act
 Consider once again the equilibrium of a triangular block of material of unit depth (Fig. below; this time
AC is a principal plane on which a principal stress p acts, and the shear stress is zero (from the property
of principal planes).

Resolving forces horizontally,

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.…..

33
AB=AC Sinθ and BC =AC θ
Sinθ divide in both side with
=
divide both side by

 Thus we have an equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the principal stress.
 we have an equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the principal stress. If, therefore,
the principal stresses are determined and substituted in the above equation, each will give the corresponding
angle of the plane on which it acts and there can then be no confusion.
 The above formula has been derived with two tensile direct stresses and a shear stress system, as shown in
the figure; should any of these be reversed in action, then the appropriate minus sign must be inserted in the
equation.

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


6. Graphical solution - Mohr’s stress circle

34  Consider the complex stress system

 This represents a complete stress system for any condition of applied load in two dimensions
 In order to find graphically the direct stress θ and shear stress τθ on any plane inclined at θ to the plane
on which x acts, proceed as follows:
1. Label the block ABCD.
2. Set up axes for direct stress (as abscissa) and shear stress (as ordinate)
3. Plot the stresses acting on two adjacent faces, e.g. AB and BC, using the following sign conventions:
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
Cont.……
 direct stresses: tensile, positive; compressive, negative;
35  shear stresses: tending to turn block clockwise, positive; tending to turn block counterclockwise, negative.


This gives two points on the graph which may then be labelled AB and BC respectively to denote
stresses on these planes.

Mohr’s stress circle.


prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022
cont.…..

 Join AB and BC
36
 The point P where this line cuts the a axis is then the centre of Mohr’s line is the diameter;
therefore the circle can now be drawn.
 Every point on the circumference of the circle then represents a state of stress on some plane
through C.
Example : Under certain loading conditions the stresses in the walls of a cylinder are as follows
(a) 80 MN/ tensile;
(b) 30 MN/ tensile at right angles to (a);
(c) shear stresses of 60 MN/ on the planes on which the stresses (a) and (b) act; the shear couple acting on
planes carrying the 30 MN/ stress is clockwise in effect.
 Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they act. What would be the effect on these results
if owing to a change of loading (a) becomes compressive while stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged?

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Solution
Fig
37

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.…..

38

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Cont.…..
 Mohr's circle solutions
39
In the first part of the question the stress system and associated Mohr's circle are as drawn

When the 80 MN/m' stress is reversed, the stress system for drawing Mohr's
circle is

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Mohr's circles

40

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


Assessment question
41 1. What is the difference between simple stress and complex stress?
2. Explain normal stress?
3. Explain briefly principal stress?
4. With neat sketch explain each points of Mohr's circle?
5. Problem: A material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses of 80 MN/tensile and 50
MN/ compressive, together with a shear stress of 30 MN/. The shear couple acting on planes carrying the
80 MN/ stress is clockwise in effect. Calculate;
(a) The magnitude and nature of the principal stresses;
(b) The magnitude of the maximum shear stresses in the plane of the given stress system;
(c) The direction of the planes on which these stresses act.
 Confirm your answer by means of a Mohr’s stress circle diagram,

prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022


42 .

ND
E
prepared by Mamaru .w 06/05/2022

You might also like