Chapter One: Complex Stresses
Chapter One: Complex Stresses
Chapter one
Complex stresses
Where, =
3
Where A is the area of the X –X section
an assumption that the total force or total load carried by the rectangular bar is uniformly distributed over
its cross – section. But the stress distributions may be for from uniform, with local regions of high stress
known as stress concentrations.
If the force carried by a component is not uniformly distributed over its cross – sectional area, A, we must
consider a small area, ‘δA’ which carries a small load ‘δP’, of the total force ‘P', Then definition of stress is
= δ𝑃/δ𝐴
TYPES OF STRESSES:
Only two basic stresses exists : (1) normal stress and (2) shear stress. Other stresses either are similar to
these basic stresses or are a combination of this.
For example, bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses.
Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a shearing stress.
Normal stresses : We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are normal to the areas
concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek
letter (σ)
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Cont.…..
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This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses acts only in one direction however,
such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where either the two
mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as
shown in the figures below
Complementary shear stresses: The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the element
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induces complementary shear stresses on the other two sides of the element to maintain equilibrium. As
shown in the figure the shear stress τ in sides AB and CD induces a complimentary shear stress τ ' in
sides AD and BC.
Principal planes are these planes within the material such that the resultant stresses across them are
wholly normal stresses or planes across which no shearing stresses occur.
Principal stresses are those stresses which are acting on the principal planes.
•The plane carrying the maximum normal stress is called the major principal plane and the stress acting
on it is called major principal stress.
•The plane carrying minimum normal stress is known as minor principal plane and the stress acting on it
is called as minor principal stress.
Fig .1
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Cont.……
10 The most general state of stress at a given point Q may be represented by six components
fig a
Three of these components, x, y, and z, define the normal stresses exerted on the faces of a
small cubic element centered at Q and of the same orientation as the coordinate axes.
the other three, τxy, τyz, and τzx,† the components of the shearing stresses on the same element.
If the cube is rotate fig b. there is transfer of stresses.
Our discussion of the transformation of stress will deal mainly with plane stress, i.e., with a situation
in which two of the faces of the cubic element are free of any stress. If the z axis is chosen
perpendicular to these faces, we have z = τzx =τ zy = 0, and the only remaining stress components
are x, y, and τxy see fig 2
Fig 2
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Fig. 3
If it is subjected to combined stress the maximum and the minimum stress is occurred inclined to at any
point about angle θ.
if the area of the oblique face is denoted by Δ A and the areas of the vertical and horizontal
faces are respectively equal to Δ A cos θ and Δ A sin θ.
Using equilibrium equation of forces in x’ and y’ axis
Fig. Bar subjected to direct stress, showing stresses acting on any inclined plane.
Let the block be of unit depth; then considering the equilibrium of forces on the triangular resolving forces
perpendicular to BC
perpendicular to BC =0
from definition of stress
F=σ*A where, σ stress prependular to the plan and ‘’A’’ the area of the plan
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Cont.…..
Thus = 0
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But, AB = BC sinθ ,
θ x BC x 1=y sinθ x AB x 1
Substituting, AB = BC sinθ ,
θ x BC x 1=y sinθ x BC sinθ x 1
Removing area in both side
θ =y θ………………….eq 1.1
Now resolving forces parallel to BC,
τθ x BC x 1=y cosθ x AB x 1
Again AB = BC sin θ,
τθ x BC x 1=y cosθ x BC sin θ x 1
Removing area in both side
τθ =y sin θ cosθ ………….eq 1.2
From trigomtry relation
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Cont.……
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=
Substituting, = in eq 2
= y ……….eq 1.3
The stresses on the inclined plane, therefore, are not simply the resolutions of y perpendicular and
tangential to that plane.
The direct stress θ has a maximum value of y when θ = 90" whilst the shear stress , has a maximum
,
value of y when = 45“
Thus any material whose yield stress in shear is less than half that in tension or compression will yield
initiallyprepared
in shear under
by Mamaru .w the action of direct tensile or compressive forces 06/05/2022
Example 1: A circular bar 40 mm diameter carries an axial tensile load of 100 kN.
What is the value of the shear stress on the planes on which the normal stress has a
16 value of 50 MN/m’ tensile?
Given:
D = 40mm = 0.04m
F = 100 kN
A=π Now the normal stress on an oblique plane is given by eqn. 1.1
Required
τθ =?
θ = 50 MN/m
The shear stress on the oblique plane is then given by eqn .1.3
Fig. Element from a material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses.
For equilibrium of the portion ABC, resolving perpendicular to AC,
θ x AC x 1 = x cosθ x Bc x 1 + y sinθ x AB x 1…………….(eq 3.1)
Where, BC = AC cosθ and AB =AC sinθ substituting this in eq 3.1
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θ x AC xprepared x cosθ.w
x AC cosθ x 1 + y sinθ x AC sinθ x 1 06/05/2022
Cont.…..
Eliminating AC from equ.
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θ = x cosθ cosθ x + y sinθ sinθ
θ = x θ + y θ
From trigonometric relation, θ = and θ =
Then θ = x () + y ()
With rearranging the equ.
θ = + ………..eq3.2
Resolving parallel to AC,
τθ x AC x 1 = x sinθ x Bc x 1 - y cosθ x AB x 1……….eq3.3
Where, BC =AC cosθ and AB = AC sinθ, substituting this in eq 3.3
τθ x AC x 1 = x sinθ x AC cosθ x 1 - y cosθ x AC sinθ x 1
Eliminating AC from the equation
tan = ……………4.3
Therefore substituting in eqn.4.1 the maximum and minimum direct stresses are given by
θ = + + τxy Sin2θ, substituting and Sin2θ the value of direct stress 1 and 2
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Cont.……
Then
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Since max and min have opposite signs, the value obtained for τmax actually represents the maximum
value of the shearing stress at the point considered. The orientation of the planes of maximum shearing
stress and the sense of the shearing stresses are best determined by passing a section along the diagonal
plane AC of the element of Fig Since the faces AB and BC of the element are contained in the principal
planes, the diagonal plane AC must be one of the planes of maximum shearing stress.
Furthermore, the equilibrium conditions for the prismatic element ABC require that the shearing stress
exerted on AC be directed as shown.
The normal stress on each of the four faces of the element is given by
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AB=AC Sinθ and BC =AC θ
Sinθ divide in both side with
=
divide both side by
Thus we have an equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the principal stress.
we have an equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the principal stress. If, therefore,
the principal stresses are determined and substituted in the above equation, each will give the corresponding
angle of the plane on which it acts and there can then be no confusion.
The above formula has been derived with two tensile direct stresses and a shear stress system, as shown in
the figure; should any of these be reversed in action, then the appropriate minus sign must be inserted in the
equation.
This represents a complete stress system for any condition of applied load in two dimensions
In order to find graphically the direct stress θ and shear stress τθ on any plane inclined at θ to the plane
on which x acts, proceed as follows:
1. Label the block ABCD.
2. Set up axes for direct stress (as abscissa) and shear stress (as ordinate)
3. Plot the stresses acting on two adjacent faces, e.g. AB and BC, using the following sign conventions:
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Cont.……
direct stresses: tensile, positive; compressive, negative;
35 shear stresses: tending to turn block clockwise, positive; tending to turn block counterclockwise, negative.
This gives two points on the graph which may then be labelled AB and BC respectively to denote
stresses on these planes.
Join AB and BC
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The point P where this line cuts the a axis is then the centre of Mohr’s line is the diameter;
therefore the circle can now be drawn.
Every point on the circumference of the circle then represents a state of stress on some plane
through C.
Example : Under certain loading conditions the stresses in the walls of a cylinder are as follows
(a) 80 MN/ tensile;
(b) 30 MN/ tensile at right angles to (a);
(c) shear stresses of 60 MN/ on the planes on which the stresses (a) and (b) act; the shear couple acting on
planes carrying the 30 MN/ stress is clockwise in effect.
Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they act. What would be the effect on these results
if owing to a change of loading (a) becomes compressive while stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged?
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When the 80 MN/m' stress is reversed, the stress system for drawing Mohr's
circle is
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ND
E
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