QUADRILATERALS AND POLY

GONS
• QUADRILATERALS
• Definition: A quadrilateral is a plane figure
bounded by four straight lines. It has four angles
and when any two opposite vertices are joined by
a line, it is called a diagonal.
• TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
• 1. Parallelogram: It is a quadrilateral with a pair
of opposite sides parallel and equal.
• (diagram of parallelogram)
diagram of a parallelogram
2. Rhombus: All the sides are equal in length. The diagonals bisect each
other at 90° .
• draw a rhombus

• 3. Square: All the sides are equal and each of the interior angles is
equal to 90° .

draw a square

• 4. Rectangle: It has four sides and four right angles. The opposite
sides are equal and parallel.
• draw a rectangle
• 5. Trapezoid(Trapezium): It has four unequal
sides and angles.

• draw a trapezium
• 6. Kite or Deltoid: It has two pairs of adjacent
sides equal and inclined at angle other than
90⁰ .

• draw a kite
 CONSTRUCTION OF
QUADRILATERALS
• A. Construction of a square, when the diagonals are
given.
• Example: The diagonals of a square are 60mm.
Construct the square.

• Solution.
Assignment:
1. Construct a square, given that the lengths of the
diagonals are 50mm.
2. Construct a square, given that the lengths of the sides
are 55mm.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF A RECTANGLE
• Example: The diagonal of a rectangle is 60mm.
If one of its length is 30mm, construct the
rectangle.
` Solution:

• Assignment: The diagonal of a rectangle is

70mm. If one of the length is 35mm, construct
the rectangle.
 POLYGON

• Objective: Students should be able to:

• i. Define
• ii. identify and
• iii. construct regular polygons.

• Definition: A polygon is a plane figure which has five or more sides.

• Regular polygon: When all sides and angles of a polygon are equal,
it is called a regular polygon.
• Examples of polygon are:
• Pentagon ---- 5 sides
• Hexagon ----6 sides
• Heptagon --- 7 sides.
• Octagon ----- 8 sides
• Nonagon ----- 9 sides
• Decagon ----- 10 sides.

• CONSTRUCTION OF A REGULAR HEXAGON

• Example 1: Construct a regular Hexagon of
sides 40mm.
 Solution
• There are two methods;
• Method 1:

Method 2:

• Assignment: Construct a regular hexagon of

sides 35mm.
 CONSTRUCTION OF REGULAR
PENTAGON – 5 sides
• Example: Construct a regular pentagon of
sides 45mm.
• There are two methods of construction;
• Method A:
• External angle = 360⁰ = 360 ⁰ = 72⁰
• N 5
• construction procedure:
• Method B:

• Assignment:
• 1. Construct a square given that the diagonal
is 80mm.
• 2. Construct a regular pentagon of sides
50mm.
• Hint: Use the two methods demonstrated.
 PLANE FIGURES
Objective: Students should be able to:
i. Identify regular plane figures.
• ii. Construct regular plane figures equal in areas.
• A closed figure that is flat and in a plane is called a
plane figure. Examples are: triangles, square, polygon,
rectangle, circle, parallelogram, rhombus, rhomboid,
etc
• Plane figures are described and identified by
• the number of sides enclosing them. When a plane figure
is drawn, it occupies a certain
• Amount of space.

• Example: Construct a rectangle equal in area to a

given triangle ABC of sides 60mm each.
• A
• 60mm 60mm

• E F

• B 60mm C
• Procedures for construction:
• i. Construct the given triangle ABC from the given
information.
• ii. From the vertex A, construct the altitude AD.
• iii. Bisect the altitude and draw the bisector.
• iv. From B and C respectively, draw the
perpendicular to meet the bisector at E and F.
• EBCF is the required rectangle.
 Assignment.
• Draw an equilateral triangle with length of sides being
80mm. Construct a rectangle on the same base with
the triangle having an equal area .

• Example 2: Drawing a rectangle equal in area to a

given parallelogram.
• ( see diagram in next slide)

• PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION:

• 1. Draw the given parallelogram ABCD with
AB=DC=70mm and AD=CB=50mm.
• 70

• D C

• 50

• A E B F
• 2. From D and C, draw perpendiculars to
intersect AB at E and F respectively.
• 3. EFCD is the required rectangle equal in area
to the given parallelogram.
• Assignment: Construct a parallelogram whose
base is 60mm with slant height of 40mm and
base angles 60⁰ and 120⁰. Draw a rectangle of
equal area.
 METAL WORK HAND TOOLS
• Hand tools are tools used by the metal worker to
cut, drive, mark or measure any metal piece.
• The tools are measuring tools, marking out tools,
cutting tools, driving tools and clamping or
holding tools.
• MEASURING TOOLS. They include the following;
steel rule, callipers, centre square, protractor,
vernier calliper and micrometer screw gauge.
• STEEL RULE: A length of flat, graduated, steel
material is what is used in metal work to
measure distances between two points on a
line or between two lines.
• Accuracy of measurement is limited to 0.2mm
• (diagram of steel rule)
• CALLIPERS: It is of two kinds, namely:
• (a) inside callipers and (b) outside callipers.
• Inside callipers: For measuring internal
diameters of holes, rings , and cylinders.
• (diagram)
• Outside callipers: For measuring the outside
diameters of shafts, rings and cylindrical
objects.
• (diagram)
• CENTRE SQUARE: It can be used to locate the
exact position of the centre of the bar. A spirit
level is attached to check when a line is vertical
or horizontal. It has an adjustable screw which
can be used to slide the jaws to fit tangentially to
the face of a round bar.
• (diagram)
• PROTRACTOR: It is used for the measurement of
angles.
• (diagram)
• Vernier Callipers: It is used to measure both
the internal and external diameters of a piece
of work to an accuracy of 0.001mm.
• Vernier callipers carry two scales ---- a main
scale and a vernier scale; which gives an
advantage of a more accurate measurement
than the steel rule.
• (diagram)
• Micrometer screw gauge: It is used for
measuring the external diameters of a piece
of wire, rods or round bars.
• (diagram)

• DRIVING TOOLS
• This includes hammers, punches and screw
drivers.
• Hammers: It is on the basis of the type of
head that the hammer is classified and they
include the following shapes of head;
• (a) Straight peen: It is used for riveting in
awkward position, the other end for bending
sheet metal.
• (diagram)
• Blocking peen: Used in sheet metal work for
shaping metals
• Ball peen: This is used for general work.
• Cross peen: It is used for drawing down
operation in simple forging work.
• Planishing head: Used in sheet metal work
and by panel beaters on car bodies.
• Claw hammer: It is used to remove nails when
working.
 Assignment.
• Draw the various hammer heads mentioned
above.

• PUNCHES
• There are three kinds; namely.
• 1. pin punch
• 2. centre punch
• 3. bell punch
• Centre punch: Whenever a metal is to be
drilled, the centre punch is required to
prepare small dots for the drill.
 SCREW DRIVERS
• They are used to drive various designs of
heads of screws in or out of metals for
fastening or dismantling metallic components
in machine.
• TYPES OF SCREWDRIVERS:
• 1. Flat screw drivers
• 2. Star screw drivers
• 3. Off set screw driver
• 4. Allen screw driver or Allen key
• Allen key: It is used for turning screws with
recessed hexagonal or square slotted holes in
their heads.

• Assignment: Draw the diagrams of the types

of screw drivers mentioned above.
 CUTTING TOOLS
• The following are cutting tools:
• Saws, chisels, scrappers and files.
• SAWS: Examples are hacksaws, junior hacksaw
or piercing saw.
• Saws are used for cutting, while the hacksaw is
used for cutting metal in the workshop.

• Assignment: Draw the diagram of the hack saw.

 CHISELS
• Chisels are designed to cut metals and
grooves slots and keyways.
• TYPES OF CHISELS
• A. flat chisel
• B. Round nose chisel
• C. Cross cut chisel
• D. Diamond nose chisel
• Flat chisel: It is used for general work, especially
cutting small thickness of metals.
• (draw the diagram)
• Round nose chisel: It is used for cutting oil
grooves in shafts and holes.
• ( draw the diagram)
• Cross - cut chisel: It is used for cutting keyways
and slots in shafts and holes.
• (diagram)
• Diamond nose chisel: It is very useful when
cutting Vee – grooves and chiselling inner
corners of metal work piece.
• (diagram)

• SCRAPPERS
• They are used to remove slight irregularities,
sharp edges and marks on the surface of the
metal.
 TYPES OF SCRAPPERS
• 1. Flat scrappers
• 2. half round
• 3. three square or triangular scrapper
• FILES
• Draw a well labelled diagram of a file.
• TYPES OF FILES
• 1. Flat files: 2. Round files: 3. Square files: 4. half
round files: 5. Triangular files: 6. Hand files.
• FLAT FILES: It is used on flat surfaces to
remove small amounts of metal.
• ROUND FILES: It is used for filing holes and
round corners.
• SQUARE FILES: It is used on square and
rectangular holes.
• HALF ROUND FILES: It is used for forming
curved faces of a specific radius.
HAND FILES: It is used on parallel slots and flat
surfaces close to shoulders.
TRIANGULAR FILES: It is used as a filing tool on
faces that are less than 90⁰ , and on awkward
corners.

Draw the diagrams of the types of files

mentioned above.
 MARKING OUT TOOLS
• They are used for marking lines on metal surfaces
or checking alignment or indicating points or
positions on a work piece. They include; surface
plate , surface table, odd leg callipers, dividers,
punches and the try square.
• SURFACE PLATE: It is a precision piece of
equipment with a flat surface of high grade finish,
on which work pieces are placed for marking out.
It is also used for testing the flatness of surfaces.
 SCRIBER
• It is used for marking out lines by hand, and
together with straight edges like steel rules,
try squares .
• diagram
• DIVIDER: They are used for scribing arcs,
circles, curves and for setting off distances.
• TRY SQUARE: It is used for testing the
squareness of surfaces and marking out lines
• at right angles to given edges. It consists of two
parts------ the stock and the blade.
• diagram

• HOLDING DEVICES
• They are the pliers, clamps e.g. G clamp, F
clamp, sash clamp.
• TYPES OF PLIERS:
• 1. LONG NOSE PLIER, 2. FLAT NOSE PLIER,
• 3. ROUND NOSE PLIER , 4. COMBINATION
PLIERS.

• LONG NOSE PLIERS: They are used for holding

flat metals in jobs where they are desirable .
They are also used to hold in awkward places
like holes and grooves.
• FLAT NOSE PLIERS: Are used for holding flat
• metals in a desirable position during
operations.
• ROUND NOSE PLIERS: Are used for holding
work pieces with holes. The pliers` noses are
inserted in the holes of the work piece and
opened against the walls of the holes.
• COMBINATION PLIERS: It can be used for
many functions. They can be used for holding
• both flat and round metals. They can be used
for cutting light –in – thickness or diameter
metals.

• diagram
• Draw the types of pliers mentioned above
 ENERGY AND POWER
• ENERGY BASED TECHNOLOGY APPLIANCES:
• This deals with some appliances that
operate based on energy conversion . Such
appliances include the electric kettle, electric
pressing iron, electric cooker, water heater,
gas lamp, gas cooker, kerosene stove, electric
fan, electric grinder, bicycle dynamo,
generator , and motors.
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED
APPLIANCES
• They are the appliances we use in our
homes, which are operated by electrical
energy. They include electric pressing iron,
electric stove, immersion heater, electric
kettle, water heater, electric soldering iron
and the bread toaster. They convert electrical
energy into heat energy.
 Assignment

• 1. Draw and label the pressing iron.

• 2. Mention SIX parts of the pressing iron.
 ELECTRO – MECHANICAL ENERGY
APPLIANCES
• They convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Examples are; fruit blenders, seed –
shelling machine, cassava grinders, pepper
grinders and kernel – shelling and crushing
machine, the electric fan.
 Assignment.
• 1. Draw and label a refrigerator.
• 2. What are the functions of the following parts
of the refrigerator; compressor, condenser,
evaporator.
• 3. List 3 types of refrigerant used by the
refrigerator.
• 4. List the components of an air conditioner.
• compare the parts of a refrigerator and an air
conditioner. ( 2 marks for c.a.) Due on
17/2/15
 CHEMICAL ENERGY BASED
APPLIANCES
• It involves the conversion of chemical energy
into heat energy. Examples are , charcoal
pressing iron, kerosene stove and lantern, the
gas cooker. It involves combustion ( burning)
of materials e.g. Charcoal, petrol, e.t.c. in air
(oxygen) to produce carbon IV oxide (carbon
dioxide) and water.
• Examples are shown below: Carbon burns in
oxygen to produce carbon IV oxide .
• 1. C + 02 C02
• (carbon) (oxygen) (carbon IV oxide)

• 2. C2H6 + 7 02 2CO2 + 3H2O

• 2
• (ethane) (oxygen) (carbon IV oxide) (water)

• Methane burns in oxygen(air) to produce carbon

IV oxide and water liberated as shown in example
2 above.
 GAS COOKER
• It burns gas to produce heat energy that is
used in cooking. The parts include:
• 1. the connecting tubes that connects the
gas cylinders to the gas cooker.
• 2. the burners.
• 3. a gas cylinder which controls the flow of
gas from the cylinder.
• 4.. perforated metal discs placed at the
burners to guard the spread of the flame.
 MOTORS AND GENERATORS
• A motor is an electrical machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. A generator converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
• Most appliances have motor . It is the
rotation of the motors in these appliances
that brings about the mechanical action of the
appliances.
• A motor can be called a direct current (DC)
or an alternating current (AC) motor,
depending on the electrical energy input into
it .
• The motor in the electric fans are AC
motors while hand held fans which use
battery are DC motors.
 Assignment
• 1. Draw and label the electric motor.
• 2. State the function of the parts labelled.
3. Draw and label the generator.
• 4. State the function of the parts labelled.
compare the parts of an electric motor
and a generator.
Due on 17/ 02 /2015 ( 2 marks)
 APPLIED ELECTRICITY AND
ELECTRONICS
• TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY: Transmission
refers to the transporting of generated electrical
power to other sections of the country by means
of transmission lines. The frequency of
transmitted power in Nigeria is fixed at 50 Hertz (
50 Hz). It is the conveyance of electrical power
from the generating stations to the consumers
who usually are located several hundreds of
kilometers away from the generating stations.
• Electricity can be transmitted at low and high
frequencies.
LOW FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION OF
A.C. (Alternating current)
• This simply implies high tension transmission
of electric power. It involves the transmission
of electricity from the point of generation, e.g.
Kainji dam to the final consumers in the
house.
 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED
IN LOW FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION
0F A.C.
• 1. Generator control panel
• 2. Substations
• 3. Circuit breakers
• 4. Line supports
• 5. Transformers
• 6. Insulators
• 7. Transmission lines.
• 8. Lightning arrestors
• 9. Fuses
• 10. Feeder pillars
• 11. Ring mains unit (R.M.U.)

• GENERATOR CONTROL PANELS: They are

used like car`s dash board, to monitor the
state of the generators and synchronise them
• For parallel operation, at same frequency,
voltage and phase.
• SUBSTATIONS: They are points along the
transmission and distribution network where
the transformer for stepping down voltage
and switch gear equipments are assembled.
• CIRCUIT BREAKERS: They are used to protect
both the transmission and distribution
• networks against fault and overload currents.
• LINE SUPPORTS: These refers to poles used in
overhead transmission and distribution lines.
• TRANSFORMERS: They are used to step up
and step down voltages.
• INSULATORS: They are used to bond ( cover)
over head lines from the poles.
• TRANSMISSION LINES: They are used to
• Convey( carry) electrical power through metal
conductors.
• LIGHTNING ARRESTORS: They are used to
arrest thunderstorm, because lightning surges
can create an over voltage on the lines.
• FUSES: It is used to protect the lines against
over current. The fuses melt and drop off the
look to which it is connected, whenever there
is over load current.
 FEEDER PILLARS:
• It is required in the final distribution stage, to
channel power to consumers.
• R.M.U.(RINGS MAINS UNIT): They are local
switching equipment used for isolating
feeders to an area.
 PRINCIPLE IN HIGH FREQUENCY
TRANSMISSION
• The basic principle in high frequency transmission
of A.C. is the conversion of audio or video into
electromagnetic waves which are radiated out
from the sending aerial, into the air space. Radio ,
T.V. and mobile phone communication fall under
this group. The frequencies of transmission cuts
across a broad band so that many stations and
networks can operate concurrently on the same
air space without jamming or interfering each
other.
 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED
IN HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION
OF A.C.
• The message to be transmitted may be in the
form of news, music, interviews, speech or
discussion, or visuals. For these to be carried
over long distances, the following components
are required.
• Microphone ( and camera), Transmitter,
Aerials, Receivers, Loud speakers and T.V.
Screen.
• 1. MICROPHONE: The microphone and camera
converts sound and light energy into electrical
signals – audio signal- which are used to
modulate the carrier wave.
• 2. TRANSMITTER: To generate the carrier wave
( or oscillators) at the appropriate broadcast
frequency.
• 3. AERIALS: The transmitting aerial radiate out
electromagnetic wave while the receiving aerial
• trap electromagnetic waves.
• 4. RECEIVERS: It serves to modulate ( separate
carrier wave from audio and visual signals),
and to amplify the message signals.
• 5. LOUDSPEAKER AND T.V. SCREEN: To
change back the message signal into sound
and electrical energy.
•
transmitting aerial receiving aerial

microphone
transmitter receiver
•

•
• loudspeaker
• (Basic components of radio transmission)
 Assignment
• 1. Explain the differences between
transmission, distribution and utilization of
electrical power.
• 2. List SIX components of A.C. Transmission at
low frequency, and explain their functions.
• 3. Explain the difference between A.C.
transmission at low and high frequencies.
• 4. List FIVE basic components of A.C.
transmission at high frequencies.
• DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY: The
interconnection of the distribution lines from
the distribution system. The operational
voltages are normally 33KV (kilo volt) and
11KV. For the domestic consumer, the voltage
will further be reduced or stepped down to
415V(Volt). The 415V lines are the low voltage
distribution lines. The lines are of 4- wire
arrangement comprising of three live
conductors and a neutral conductor.
 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY
• This is the use of electricity which begins
when it arrives at a consumer`s premises by
means of service cables. This service cables
terminates with the premises at a mutual
agreed position. PHCN connects a service
cable to service cut – out. This cut- out
contains fuse, which normally has a rating of
60A, 80A OR 100A and so ensures that no
damage occurs to PHCN`s cables or
• equipment in the event of a fault occurring on
the consumer`s premises. Connections are
made from the service cut-out to the meter
which PHCN supplies to record the amount of
electricity used by the consumer.

• END OF NOTE