Visayas State University

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Visca, Baybay City 6521, Leyte, Philipp ines

MTec 122
Machine Shop Theory
and Practice

ENGR. WINNIE DAYNE A. CARILLO

INSTRUCTOR
2
Basic Machine Tool
Operations

3
Drilling Machines
Learning Outcomes:
1. Define drilling, turning, milling, planning,
grinding, and metal forming operations.
2. Enumerate the classification of machine tools
as grouped by the operations it performs.
3. Discuss the applications of drilling machines
to machine shop operations;
4. Illustrate the basic construction and its parts;
and
5. Identify safety precautions, basic
requirements and considerations on the
operation.
Basic Machine Tool
Operations
BASIC MACHINE TOOL OPERATIONS

1. Drilling and Boring

2. Turning
3. Milling
4. Planing
5. Grinding
6. Metal Forming
• DRILLING

- Drilling is a basic machine shop

operation dating back to primitive
humans. It consists of cutting a
round hole by means of a rotating
drill

- May be defined as the operation of

producing a hole by removing metal
from a solid mass using a cutting
tool called twist drill
• BORING

- Boring, on the other hand, involves the

finishing or enlarging of a hole already
drilled or cored.
- This is accomplished by means of a
rotating, offset, single-point tool that
somewhat resembles the tool used in a
lathe or a planer.
- The tool is stationary and the work
revolves on some boring machines.
• Reaming and Tapping

Reaming - consists of finishing an already drilled hole. This is done to very close
tolerances.
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a screw may be used in
it.
• TURNING

- Turning is done on a lathe. The lathe, as

the turning machine is commonly called,
is the father of all machine tools. In the
turning operation, the piece of metal to
be machined is rotated and the cutting
tool is advanced against it

- is the removal of metal from the outer

diameter of a rotating cylindrical
workpiece. Turning is used to reduce the
diameter of the workpiece, usually to a
specified dimension, and to produce a
smooth finish on the metal.
• MILLING

- Milling consists of machining a piece of

metal by bringing it into contact with a
rotating cutting tool with multiple cutting
edges.
- Milling is the process of machining using
rotary cutters to remove material by
advancing a cutter into a work piece
- A narrow milling cutter resembles a
circular saw blade familiar to most
people. Other milling cutters may have
spiral edges, which give the cutter the
appearance of a huge screw.
• PLANING

- Planing or shaping metal with a machine

tool is a process somewhat similar to
planing wood with a carpenter's hand
plane.
- The essential difference lies in the large
size of the machine tool and the fact that
it is not portable.
- The cutting tool remains in a fixed
position, while the work is moved back
and forth beneath it.
• Shaping - The workpiece is held
stationary, while the cutting
tool travels back and forth
• Slotting - This operation is
performed vertically. Slotters,
or vertical shapers, are used
principally to cut certain types
of gears
• Broaching - Broaches may be
classified as planing machines.
The broach has a number of
cutting teeth. The broach is
pulled or pushed over the
surface to be finished. It may be
applied internally (for example,
to finish a square hole) or
externally (for example, to
produce a flat surface or a
special shape).
• GRINDING

• Grinding consists of shaping a piece of

work by bringing it into contact with a
revolving abrasive wheel
• The process is often used for the final
finishing to close dimensions of a part
that has been heat-treated to make it
very hard.
• The grinding machine can correct
distortions that have resulted from the
heat treatment process. It may be used
on external cylindrical surfaces, in holes,
for flat surfaces, and for threads.
Under the classification of grinding are included operations known as
LAPPING and HONING.

A. LAPPING B. HONING
• It is limited in its use to extremely small amounts of stock removal and to
situations where there is a high degree of precision and surface finish
needed.
• METAL FORMING

• Metal Forming is the metalworking process of fashioning metal parts and objects
through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or
removing material, and its mass remains unchanged.
• Metal forming includes shearing, stamping, pressing, and forging metals of many
kinds. It requires the use of many kinds of tools.
• TOOLS USED IN METAL FORMING

• SHEAR
- This tool is used to cut metal into the required shapes.
• TOOLS USED IN METAL FORMING

• PUNCH PRESS
- This tool is used to punch holes in metal sheet and plate.

• MECHANICAL PRESS
- This tool is used to blank out the desired shape from a metal sheet and squeeze it
into the final shape in die under tremendous pressure

• HYDRAULIC PRESS
- This tool does the same work as the mechanical press by the application of
hydraulic power.
TOOLS USED IN METAL FORMING

• DROP HAMMER - This tool is

operated by steam or air. It is
used to forge or hammer white-
hot metal on an anvil.

• FORGING MACHINE -This tool

squeezes a piece of white-hot
metal under great pressure in a
die. During the process, the
metal flows into every part of
the die cavity where it assumes
the shape of the cavity.
Drilling Machines
• DRILLING MACHINE

• Round holes are commonly drilled in metal by

means of a machine tool called a drill press.
The term drilling machines is much broader in
meaning and includes all types of machines
designed for drilling holes into metal.
• Many operations other than drilling a round
hole can be performed on the drill press. Some
of these are sanding, counterboring and
countersinking, honing, reaming, lapping, and
tapping. Considerable skill is required to drill a
hole of proper size in exactly the desired
location at a high rate of production. The
machine operator must be able to locate the
hole properly and accurately, and the machine
operator must be able to align the drill
correctly.
• Basic Construction

MAIN PARTS:

1. Head
2. Spindle
3. Table
4. Base
• Basic Construction

A. Bench-type Drill Press B. Floor-type Drill Press

• Basic Construction

HEAD - The design of the drill press

head varies with different machines
(Figure 3-3). In most machines, the
electric motor is bolted to the head,
and a V-belt drive is used to drive
the spindle at from three to five
different speeds by shifting the V-
belt from step-to-step on the
pulleys. For maximum life of the V-
belt, the belt tension should be just
tight enough that loosening is not
necessary to shift it.
• Basic Construction

SPINDLE - The spindle is the rotating part. It is

usually splined and made of alloy steel. The spindle
rotates and moves up and down in a quill or sleeve,
which slides on bearings

The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and

revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. In most
drilling machines, the spindle is vertical and the
work is supported on a horizontal table.

The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve

but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel
to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle
with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is
fed into the work: and when it is moved upward,
the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work
• Basic Construction

TABLE - The table is supported on the

column of the drill press. It can be moved
both vertically and horizontally to the
desired working position, or it can be swung
around so that it will be out of the way.
Most tables are slotted so that the work, or
a drill press vise for holding the work, can be
bolted to them (Figure 3-5).
• Basic Construction

BASE - The supporting member of the entire

drill press structure is the base. It is a heavy
casting with holes or slots for bolting it to the
bench and for securing the work or workpiece
directly to the base. The base supports the
column, which in turn supports the table and
head.

The base of the drilling machine supports the

entire machine and when bolted to the floor,
provides for vibration-free operation and best
machining accuracy. The top of the base is
similar to a worktable and maybe equipped with
T-slots for mounting work too large for the table.
TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE
Several types of drilling machines are in existence. Manual-feed drill presses are either light-duty or medium-
duty machines. Those with automatic or power feed are heavy-duty machines. Drilling machines are
sometimes classified as either vertical-spindle or horizontal-spindle machines and as either single-spindle or
multispindle machines. The multispindle machines are also called gang drilling machines

1. Sensitive Drill Press

2. Variable-Speed Upright Drill Press

3. Radial Drill Press

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

1. Sensitive Drill Press

- The simplest type of drilling machine. These
machines can be of either the bench type or the
floor type. They are belt-driven, hand-fed drill
presses. The hand feed of the sensitive drill
press permits the operator to "feel" the cutting
action at the end of the twist drill. A
counterbalanced spindle is moved vertically with
a hand lever or hand wheel.
These machines are designed for relatively light
work with small twist drills, which are prone to
breakage under power feed. Twist drills up to l/2
inch in diameter can be used on the sensitive
drill press. The end of the spindle is bored for a
standard No. 2 Morse taper, to fit the tapered
shank of a drill chuck or a twist drill.
TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

1. Variable Speed Upright Press

- Similar to the sensitive type drill
except that it is larger and heavier.
-The back-geared drill press has a
greater range of speeds than the floor-
type sensitive drill press. It is also larger
and equipped with a power feed. The
reversing mechanism on the back-
geared upright drill press also permits
tapping operations.
TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

1. Radial Drill Press

- has been developed primarily for the
handling of larger work pieces than is
possible on upright machines.
-In a radial drill press, the vertical
spindle can be positioned horizontally
and locked on an arm that can be
swiveled about, and raised and lowered
on a vertical column. Thus, the spindle
can be placed in any position within its
range.
SAFETY PRECAUTION
Drilling machines are one of the most dangerous hand operated pieces of equipment in the
shop area. Following safety procedures during drilling operations will help eliminate accidents,
loss of time, and materials. Listed below are safety procedures common to most types of
drilling machines found in the machine shop.
• Do not support the workplaces by hand. Use a holding device to prevent the workpiece from being torn
from the operator's hand.
• Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating.
• Never clean away chips with your hand. Use a brush.
• Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools.
• Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation.
• Never place tools or equipment on the drilling tables.
• Keep all guards in place while operating.
• Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work to avoid damaged tools or workplaces.
• Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating.
• Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machines.