ZION BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE

IT DEPARTMENT
HARDWARE AND NETWORK SERVICING
Level III

INFORMATION SHEET # 3
Unit of Competence: Determine Best Fit Topology
• LO 3: IP address and Subnneting

Prepared by Milkias.M, Zelalem.B, Dawit and Sisay 1

 What is an IP address
An IP address consists of two parts a network address that identifies the network and a
host address that identifies the particular host, or node.
Types of IP address
 Internet protocol version 4/IPV4
 Internet protocol Version 6/IPV6
Every computer on a network must have a unique address. If two computers have the
same address an address conflict occurs.
IPV4
The IP address identifies and differentiates a given machine from all others on the
network. It consists of a 32-bit binary number that is usually displayed as four octets
expressed in decimal and separated by periods. You must have a unique IP address for
each machine on the network. In addition, if your machine serves as a router to
another network (it contains two or more network adapters and belongs to two or
more networks), you must assign each adapter a unique IP address on the appropriate
network. 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit

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 An IP address
• Each address is 32 bits wide

• Valid addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to

255.255.255.255

• Theoretically, a total of » 4.3 billion addresses are

available

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 Cont..
• Each address consists of two parts

1. The network address

2. The host address

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 Cont..
1. Class A – begins with 0
• 00000001 (110) to 01111111 (12610)*

2. Class B – begins with 10

• 10000000 (12810) to 10111111 (19110)

3. Class C – begins with 110

• 11000000 (19210) to 11011111 (22310)
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4. Class D – begins with 1110
• 22410 to 23910
• Reserved for multicasting

5. Class E – begins with 1111

• 24010 to 25410
• Reserved for future use

These should not be used for host addressing

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 IP Addresses
• Class A- 1st octet 1-126
• Class B- 1st octet 128-191
• Class C- 1st octet 192-223
• Class D- 1st octet 224—239
• Class E 1st octet 240—255

*127 is reserved for loopback

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 IP Addresses….
• Class A- used for large network
• Class B- used for medium network
• Class C- used for small network
• Class D- used for multicast group address
• Class E reserved address

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 Subnneting

• Subnneting is a process of breaking large

network in small networks known as subnets.
Subnneting happens when we extend default
boundary of subnet mask.
• Basically we borrow host bits to create
networks

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 Advantage of Subnneting

• Subnneting breaks large network in smaller networks

and smaller networks are easier to manage.
• Subnneting reduces network traffic by removing
collision and broadcast traffic, that overall improve
performance.
• Subnneting allows you to apply network security
polices at the interconnection between subnets.
• Subnneting allows you to save money by reducing
requirement for IP range.

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 Subnneting math

• Subnneting process involves binary math

calculation. Computers communicate with
each others in binary language. To succeed in
any kind of networking career, you might be
fluent in binary math calculation. Subnneting
needs two type of calculation, convert decimal
to binary and convert binary to decimal

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Binary math..

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 Cont..
• Network ID
• First address of subnet is called network ID. This
address is used to identify one segment or
broadcast domain from all the other segments
in the network.
• Block Size
• Block size is the size of subnet including network
address, hosts addresses and broadcast address.

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 Cont..
• Broadcast ID
• There are two types of broadcast, direct broadcast and full broadcast.
• Direct broadcast or local broadcast is the last address of subnet and can
be hear by all hosts in subnet.
• Full broadcast is the last address of IP classes and can be hear by all IP
hosts in network. Full broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
• The main difference between direct broadcast and full broadcast is that
routers will not propagate local broadcasts between segments, but they
will propagate directed broadcasts.
• Host Addresses
• All address between the network address and the directed broadcast
address is called host address for the subnet. You can assign host
addresses to any IP devices such as PCs, servers, routers, and switches
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 CIDR [Classless Inter Domain Routing]

• CIDR is a slash notation of subnet mask. CIDR tells us number of

on bits in a network address.
• Class A has default subnet mask 255.0.0.0. that means first octet
of the subnet mask has all on bits. In slash notation it would be
written as /8, means address has 8 bits on.
• Class B has default subnet mask 255.255.0.0. That means first
two octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation it
would be written as /16, means address has 16 bits on.
• Class C has default subnet mask 255.255.255.0. That means first
three octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation
it would be written as /24, means address has 24 bits on

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 Method of subnneting

• In subnneting we find the answer of following questions.

• What is subnet mask for given address?
• How many subnets does given subnet mask provide?
• What is block size for given subnet mask?
• What are the valid subnets?
• What are the total hosts?
• How many valid hosts are available per subnet?
• What is broadcast address of each subnet?
• What is network address of each subnet

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