HUMAN STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
GCSF 2013
CELLULAR SYSTEM
2.3 Cellular Reproduction
DONA CYRELINE CHIN
ILKKM KOTA KINABALU
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the cell life cycle
Introduction
Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells
duplicate their contents and then divide to yield
two cells or more.
Cell division is the process by which a parent
cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger
cell cycle
Cell life cycle – Cell Division
Somatic cell division / Mitosis
i.
Interphase
Mitotic phase
Nuclear division: Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
telophase
Cytoplasmic division : Cytokinesis
ii. Reproductive cell division / Meiosis
Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which cells
reproduce themselves.
Cell division divided into:
Somatic cell division (Mitosis)
Reproductive cell division (Meiosis)
Somatic Cell Division
Somatic is a cell division that results in an
increase in the number of body cells.
It involves a nuclear division called mitosis plus
division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
Somatic Cell Division
The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events
in somatic cell division in which a cell duplicates
its contents and divides in two.
It consists of interphase and a mitotic phase.
During interphase, the DNA molecules, or
chromosomes, replicate themselves so that
identical chromosomes can be passed on to the
next generation of cells.
A cell that is between divisions and is carrying
on every life process except division is said to
be in interphase.
MITOSIS
The Cell Cycle
8
Somatic Cell Division
Somatic Cell Division
Somatic Cell Division
During cytokinesis, which usually begins late in
anaphase and ends in telophase
A cleavage furrow forms and progresses
inward, cutting through the cell to form two
separate identical cells, each with equal
portions of cytoplasm, organelles, and
chromosomes.
Somatic Cell Division
Mitosis is the replication and distribution of two
sets of chromosomes into separate and equal
nuclei;
it consists of:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase.
1. Prophase
• Chromatin condenses into pairs of chromatids
connected at centromeres.
• Centrosomes form the mitotic spindles (compound of
microtubules) that extends from pole to pole of the cell
• Nuclear envelope and nucleolus breakdown.
2. Metaphase
• Centromeres of chromatid pairs are aligned
along microtubules at the center (“equator”) of
the metaphase plate.
3. Anaphase
Centromeres split, separating “sister chromatids”
(chromosomes)
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of spindle
by microtubules of the mitotic spindle
Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm ) begins by the
formation of a cleavage furrow.
4. Telophase
Chromosomes revert to threadlike chromatin.
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear.
Mitotic spindle breaks up.
Cytokinesis is completed.
Reproductive cell division / Meiosis
Reproductive cell division or meiosis is a type of
cell division that reduces the number of
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and
produces four gamete cells.
This process is required to produce egg and
sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
During reproduction, when the sperm and egg
unite to form a single cell, the number of
chromosomes is restored in the offspring.
Meiosis
Meiosis
Cells Division
The different between mitosis & meiosis
Cellular Diversity
The different types of cells in the body vary
considerably in size and shape.
The sizes of cells are measured in micrometers.
One micrometer (µm) equals 10-6 m (1/25,000 of
an inch). Cells in the body range from 8 µm to
140 µm in size.
A cell’s shape is related to its function.
Cellular Diversity
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Video Animations
Cell Division (mitosis & meiosis)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-mFPZLLbHI
Pregnancy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izOa3-AX8zQ
References
MOH, Training Management Division (2019), Diploma In Allied Health &
Nursing Program, Course Syllabus, Human Structure And Function GCSF
2013, Training Development Unit, Putrajaya.
Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw – Hill
Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and
physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th
ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in
health and illness : Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3
Q&A
1) Describe the differences between meiosis,
mitosis, and cytokinesis. (5 m)
THANK YOU
