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Structure in C

The document discusses C programming structures, including defining structures to group different variable types together, declaring structure variables, accessing structure members, memory layout of structures, using arrays of structures, and nested structures. Examples are provided to illustrate defining structures and using them to store and access related data as a group. Functions can also take structures as arguments to organize input and output data.

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JAYALAKSHMI P
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43 views16 pages

Structure in C

The document discusses C programming structures, including defining structures to group different variable types together, declaring structure variables, accessing structure members, memory layout of structures, using arrays of structures, and nested structures. Examples are provided to illustrate defining structures and using them to store and access related data as a group. Functions can also take structures as arguments to organize input and output data.

Uploaded by

JAYALAKSHMI P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming Skills-C Programming

STRUCTURES

By
Ms. P.JAYALAKSHMI, AP/CSE
Ms. K.RAMYA, AP/CSE
Programming Skills-C Programming

Structures
Structure Definition
Structure Declaration
Member Access
Memory Layout
Example
Array of structures
Nested structures
Functions and Structures
Structures
• structures are used to group together different types of
variables under the same name. For example you could
create a structure “telephone”:
• struct telephone
• {
• char *name;
• int number;
• };
• To access the members of the structure telephone, you
must use a dot between the structure name and the
variable name
Member Access
• Indirect access s->m: equivalent to (*s).m
– Dereference a pointer to a structure, then return
a member of that structure
– Dot operator has higher precedence than
indirection operator , so parentheses are needed
in (*s).m
(*fido.owner).name or fido.owner->name

• Direct access operator s.m


– subscript and dot operators have same
precedence and associate left-to-right, so we
don’t need parentheses for sam.pets[0].species
Memory layout
struct COST { int amount;
char currency_type[2]; }
struct PART { char id[2];
struct COST cost;
int num_avail; }
layout of struct PART: currency_type

id num_avail

cost

Here, the system uses 4-byte alignment of integers,


so amount and num_avail must be aligned
Four bytes wasted for each structure!
Another example

• Defines a new type


• E.g.,
struct motor {
float volts;
float amps;
int phases;
float rpm;
}; //struct motor
Declaration

• Declaring struct variables


• Declares and sets aside storage for three variables
– p, q, and r – each of type struct motor
struct motor M[25];
• Declares a 25-element array of struct motor;
allocates 25 units of storage, each one big enough
to hold the data of one motor
struct motor *m;
• Declares a pointer to an object of type struct
motor
Arrays of structures

• An ordinary array: One type of data

0 1 2 … 98 99
• An array of structs: Multiple types of data
in each array element.

0 1 2 … 98 99
Example
• We often use arrays of structures.
• Example:
StudentRecord Class[100];
strcpy(Class[98].Name, "Chan
Tai Man");
Class[98].Id = 12345;
strcpy(Class[98].Dept, "COMP");
Class[98].gender = 'M';
Class[0] = Class[98];
access
records
Chan Tai Man
12345 M
COMP

...

0 1 2 … 98 99
Example

• We can use arrays inside structures.


• Example:
struct square{
point vertex[4];
};
square Sq;

• Assign values to Sq using the given


square
x y x y x y x y
Nested structures
• We can nest structures inside structures.
• Examples:
struct point{
double x, y;
};
point P;

struct line{
point p1, p2;
};
line L;

struct triangle{
point p1, p2, p3;
};
triangle T;
Sample Program With Structs

• Illustration
This program illustrates creating structs and then declaring
and using struct variables. Note that struct personal is an
included data type in struct "identity".
*/
#include <stdio.h>
struct personal //Create a struct but don’t reserve space.
{ long id;
float gpa;
};
struct identity //Create a second struct that includes the first one.
{ char name[30];
struct personal person;
};
Main program
int main ( )
{
struct identity js = {"Joe Smith"}, *ptr = &js ;

js.person.id = 123456789 ;
js.person.gpa = 3.4 ;
printf ("%s %ld %f\n", js.name, js.person.id,
js.person.gpa) ;
printf ("%s %ld %f\n", ptr->name, ptr->person.id,
ptr->person.gpa) ;
}
Function with a Structured Input/Output Argument
• For the following function, we have to call it
by
“scan_planet(&current_planet);”
– The input argument is also used to store the result.
uses
• Uses of C structures:
• C Structures can be used to store huge data. Structures
act as a database.
• C Structures can be used to send data to the printer.
• C Structures can interact with keyboard and mouse to
store the data.
• C Structures can be used in drawing and floppy
formatting.
• C Structures can be used to clear output screen
contents.
• C Structures can be used to check computer’s memory
size etc.

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