Cranial Nerves
I through XII
Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory)
fibers
ⅠOlfactory nerve
ⅡOptic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
ⅥAbducent nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerv
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor
fibers---
ⅤTrigeminal nerve,
Ⅶ Facial nerve,
ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve
ⅩVagus nerve
parasympathetic nerves
1973
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES nerves
1975
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FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
4 (GENERAL)+3(SPECIAL)
THE GENERAL 2-SOMATIC(BODY WALL)
GSA= General sensation i.e transmit exteroceptive and
proprioceptive impulses from the body wall
GSE= Motor to striated muscle of non-pharyngeal origin
2-AUTONOMIC(VISCERA)para-sympathetic
GVA= General sensation from the viscera+B.V+glands
transmit interoceptive impulses to the visceral sensory
nuclei
GVE= motor to the visceral musclesand relayed in
parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers
supply cardiac muscles ， smooth muscles and glands
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special
SSA=Vision+Hearing&
equilibrium
SVA=Taste +Smell
SVE=striated muscles of
pharyngeal origin[1975]
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1973
Sensory motor
GVA GVE
GSA (pain, touch, thermal etc) SVE(1975)
SSA (TV) GSE
SVA (food)
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6 extraoccular muscles
4 recti and 2 oblique sup. Inf.
So4 Lr6 O3
The recti do actions as their
names+ sup& inferior do medial
divistion
Obligue opposite their names
+lateral deviation
2
1
Spinal nucleus of V
Salivatory N
CN – nucleus/nuclei Function
III
IV
VI
VII
VII
IX
XI
XII
Combine the functional components with the nuclei
CN – Functional components Nucleus for this function
III
IV
VI
VII
VII
IX
XI
XII
Olfactory Nerve I
Sense of smell SVA
Pathway: fibers-bulb-tact – stria to cortex bypass
thalamus
Damage causes impaired sense of smell (anosmia
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Optic Nerve II
Provides vision SSA
Damage causes blindness in visual field
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Oculomotor Nerve III
Somatic (GSE) and Autonomic motor function (GVE)
Somatic:-Eye movement (Superior, inferior, medial rectus
muscles and inferior oblique muscle), opening of eyelid
(levator palpebrae superioris), Ophalmoplesia
drooping eyelid (ptosis) diplopia
Parasympathetic:- constriction of pupil (circular muscle),
focusing (ciliary muscle and accomodation)
dilated pupil and difficulty in focusing
External strabismus( lateral squint)
Trochlear Nerve IV GSE
Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
Damage causes double vision and inability to
rotate eye inferolaterally
Abducens Nerve VI (GSE)
Provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.)
Damage results in inability to rotate eye
laterally and at rest eye rotates medially
Internal strabismus ( Medial
squint)
Trigeminal Nerve V GSA SVE
Ophthalmic branch – sensations from nasal cavity, skin of forehead,
upper eyelid, eyebrow, nose
Maxillary branch – sensations from lower eyelid, upper lips and
gums, teeth of the maxilla, cheek, nose, palate, pharynx
Mandibular branch – sensations from teeth of the mandible, lower
gums and lips,, tongue. Motor function of temporalis and masseter
muscles, palate.
Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing
Facial Nerve VII
Somatic Motor - facial expressions
SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
Autonomic Motor - salivary and lacrimal glands, mucous
membranes of nasal and palatine mucosa
Special Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3’s of tongue
Damage facialparalysis Bell's palsy and disturbed sense
of taste (no sweet and salty)
Branches of Facial Nerve
Clinical test: Test anterior 2/3’s of tongue with
substances such as sugar, salt, vinegar, and quinine; test
response of tear glands to ammonia fumes; test motor
functions by asking subject to close eyes, smile, whistle,
frown, raise eyebrows, etc.
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Ear is an organ of hearing & balance. Consists of three parts:
(a) External Ear
(b) Middle Ear
(c) Internal Ear
External Ear
The external ear consists of
(a) Auricle or Pinna
(b) External Acoustic Meatus
1. Auricle
A superficial shell like projecting part of the ear which
helps in catching the sound waves. It consists of
cartilage connected to the skull by ligaments &
muscles & is covered by skin. It funnels sound waves
into the external auditory meatus
Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
Special Sensory SSA
Provides hearing (cochlear branch) and sense of balance
(vestibular branch)
Damage produces cochlear deafness, Tinitus
Vestibular dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and
nystagmus
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Somatic motor – Swallowing and voice production via pharyngeal muscle
SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
Autonomic motor - salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue including taste
Sensations from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing,
blood pressure anomalies (with CN X).
Vagus Nerve X
SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
Sensations from skin at back of ear,
external acoustic meatus, part of
tympanic membrane, larynx, trachea,
espophagus, thoracic and abdominal
viscera
Motor to bararoceptors and
chemoreceptors
Special sensory – taste from
epiglottis and pharynx
Somatic motor – Swallowing and
voice production via pharyngeal
muscles
Autonomic motor – smooth muscle of
abdominal viscera, visceral glands
secretions, relaxation of airways, and
normal or decreased heart rate.
Damage causes hoarseness or loss
of voice, impaired swallowing, GI
dysfunction, blood pressure
anomalies (with CN IX), fatal if both
Accessory Nerve IX
Cranial SVE (X)– Spinal GSE
Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement via trapezius
and sternocleidomastoid and pharyngeal muscles
Damage causes impaired head, neck, shoulder movement
Stiffneck
Hypoglossal Nerve XII GSE
GSE Tongue movements for speech, food
manipulation and swallowing
If both are damaged – can’t protrude tongue
If one side is damaged – tongue deviates towards
injured side
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in
trigeminal nerve area (near mouth or nose)
pain triggered by touch, drinking, washing face
treatment may require cutting nerve
Bell’s palsy
disorder of facial nerve causes paralysis of facial
muscles on one side
may appear abruptly with full recovery within 3-5
weeks
