Electricit y

Presented by Ansh ,
5/26/12

What is electricity?
Everything is made of atoms which contain POSITIVE particles called PROTONS and NEGATIVE particles called ELECTRONS.

5/26/12

POSITIVE particles are called PROTONS and NEGATIVE particles are called ELECTRONS.
Electrons

Protons

5/26/12

Electric Charge & Electric Current

Coulombs
The charge on a proton is

which is given the symbol

1.6 x 10-19C
Which is the same size as the charge on an electron.
5/26/12

Current is the amount of charge flowing per second and is given the unit

Amps (A)
so a current of 1 A is 1 C of charge transferred in 1 s.

5/26/12

Conductors & Insulators Conductors: Those substance

through which electricity can flow are called conductors. For e.g. All metals like silver, copper, aluminium, etc. Insulators : Those substances through which Electricity cannot flow are called insulators. For e.g. Glass, ebonite, rubber, dry wood, 5/26/12

Electricity can be classified into two parts :

Types of Electricity

Static

Curre nt

5/26/12

remain at rest (or stationary), they do not move. For e.g.- the lightning which we see in the sky during the rainy Season is the example of static electricity.

Static In StaticElectricity charges Electricity , the electric

5/26/12

In current Electricity , the electric charges are in motion (and produce an electric current). For e.g.- The electricity which we use in our homes is current electricity.

5/26/12

It is amount of work done in bringing a unit charge from infinity to that point.

Electric Potential

V =

w Q

5/26/12

It is moving a charge particle from 1 point to another against the eletric field with constant velocity. SI unit of p.d is volt.

Potential Difference in amount of work done

5/26/12

Potential Difference is measured By instrument named voltmeter.

5/26/12

Keeping physical conditions constant ,the current drawn from the battery is directly proportional to the potential difference across its two ends

Ohms Law

Where R is Resistance {Constant of 5/26/12

Resista nce circuit is its Resistance of an electric

SI unit is ohm

inherit property by virtue of which the flow of current is opposed.

()

5/26/12

Factors affecting Resistance of a conductor

The resistance of a metallic conductor increases as the temperature increases e.g. copper The resistance of a semiconductor/insulator decreases as the temperature increases e.g. thermistor.

5/26/12

Area

Resistance of a uniform conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. i.e.R 1 A

q Nature of material
Some materials like metals are better conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow of current. Non-metals have poor conductivity. Conductivity of charge in metals is mainly due to the free electrons in the outer orbits of metals.

q Length Resistance of a uniform conductor is directly proportional to its length. i.e. R L

{Specific Resistance} The material also affects the resistance of a conductor by a fixed amount for different materials. This is known as resistivity ().

Resis tivity
= constant of
proportionality

Unit: ohm meter

( m)

5/26/12

Types There are two of of electrical types circuits; circuit CIRCUITS SERIES PARALLEL
CIRCUITS

5/26/12

The current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current. There is only one path in a series circuit in which the current can flow. A series circuit's main disadvantage or advantage, depending on its intended role in a product's overall design, is that because there is only one path in which its current can flow, opening or breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to "open" or stop operating . For example, even one of the light bulbs in an olderstyle string of Christmas tree lights burns out or is 5/26/12 removed, the entire string becomes inoperable until

SERIES CIRCUITS

Here, we have three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and R3), connected in a long chain from one terminal of the battery to the other. (It should be noted that the subscript labeling -- those little numbers to the lowerright of the letter "R" -- are unrelated to the resistor values in ohms. They serve only to identify one resistor from another.) The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only one path for electrons to flow. In this circuit the electrons flow in a counterclockwise direction, from point 4 to point 3 to point 2 to point 1 and back around to 4.

5/26/12

If two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential difference (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is applicable to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current I is the sum of the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoffs current law.

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

5/26/12