VALVES

VALVE

A Valve is a mechanical device to control the flow of

fluid.
VALVE

Function

• To flow and isolate flow

• To regulate and throttle flow

• To regulate pressure

• To relieve excessive pressure

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A VALVE

The basic elements of a valve are

•Body

• Disk/wedge

•Seat

•Bonnet

•Stem

• Gland packing
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Body:

*It is designed for minimum pressure loss and flow

resistance.

*Area of throat is equal to the bore of pipe line

*Normally all valves are cast but small valves are

forged
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Body:

* Material of valve body depends on chemical property of

fluid and pressure and temperature
* Upto 424oC - Carbon steel material
Above 425oC - Low alloy steel
Upto 150oC - Cast iron
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Disc / Wedge:

•This is the control element to stop or regulate the

flow of fluid.

•Small size valve made by 13% Cr stainless steel

* Larger size valve composite disc are used

(Carbon Steel / Alloy steel and 13% Cr)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Seat:
* This is heart of valve, control element will seat in
it.
Seat
Seat
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Yoke, Bonnet and Cover:

* It houses the gland and stem nut

* Forged steel yokes are used for small valves

* Self sealing bonnet arrangement are used for

large size high-pressure, high-temperature valve.
Yoke, Bonnet and Cover
Bonnet
Bonnet
Bonnet
Bonnet
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Stem:

This is moving part, and it is subjected to high stresses

and temperature variations.

* It operates disc or wedge

*Converts the torque applied to vertical thrust.

Valve stem
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VALVES

Gland packing

• The function of gland packing is to provide sealing around the stem

and to provide a smooth sliding operation to the stem.
Material-

1. Asbestos- non metalic asbestos packing gives good results

. upto425 deg C.

2. Loose asbestos fiber packing- A compound mixture of asbestos

fibre, binder and lubricant. Suitable for steam and gas .

3. Exfoliated /expanded graphite - They do not shrink and retain

elasticity at high temperatures.
Valve Packing
Classification of valves

Types of Valves according to their motion

1. MULTI-TURN VALVES OR LINEAR MOTION VALVES

• The Gate valve

• The Globe valve
• The Pinch valve
• The Diaphragm Valve
• The Needle Valve

2. QUARTER TURN, OR ROTARY VALVES

• Plug Valve
• Ball valve
• Butterfly valve
VALVE

3.SPECIAL VALVES-

These are the valves that are designed for special requirements like

• The substance to be handles and the required flow rate.

• The requirement that the valve control and/or shut off the flow in the manner
demanded by the service conditions.
• The ability of the valve to withstand the maximum working pressure and
temperature.
• The ability of the valve to resist attack by corrosion or or erosion.
• Actuator requirements, if any.
• Maintenance and repair requirements.

Ex- vacuum valves, self acting valves,PRDS valves etc.

1.GATE VALVE

* Most widely used

* Gate like disc is moved at right angles across the line of flow.

* It may fully open with minimum pressure loss

* This is ideal for infrequent operation

* Not suitable for modulating or throttling process

* Partly opened disc cause vibration and chattering and damage to

seating surfaces.

* Cause erosive effects.

* They are suitable for steam, water, oil, gas and other fluids.

* In Power Stations it is used most ‘Auxiliary Water Services’

GATE VALVE
GATE VALVE

According to sealing element employed it is

classified as follows:

•Wedge Gate Valve

•Parallel Slide Valve

•Parallel Double Disc Valves

•Split Wedge
Different types of wedges
WEDGE GATE VALVE

•The fluid controlling element is rigid, one piece, wedge

shape and no loose parts
•Because of wedge action, tight sealing can be obtained
without any fluid pressure
•Size vary from 20mm to 2m
•Bronze, Cl, Cast and forged steel used.

This is classified as :

Internal Screw Non-Rising Spindle

External Screw Rising Spindle

PARALLEL SLIDE GATE VALVE

•This valve is parallel and flexible sealing element

containing two half discs which seats both faces of
body.
•Spring is contained between the two halves of
disc.

•Functions of disc are

•Flexible closure member
•Dampening the vibration
PARALLEL SLIDE GATE VALVE

•Closure member of a parallel slide valve has a

high degree of flexibility, which is useful when
appreciable variation in temperature.

•Expansions or contractions of working parts can

be accommodated without affecting the operation
of valve.
PARALLEL SLIDE GATE VALVE

• Soft Sealing: Plastic or Rubber

•Variety of fluid, (different temperature),

deformation due to dirt avoided.

•Reduced effort to operate valve, tight shut off

•Used in high pressure Boiler

Blow down, Drains, Boiler Stop Valve, Bypass

Valve.
GATE VALVE

LIQUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Water and Low pressure Prone to
Steam from drop when fully vibrations.
low to high open. Large size valve
temperature, Tight seal, fully not
high pressure closed. recommended.
and process Free of Slow responses.
fluids contamination.
2.GLOBE VALVE

• This is a one way valve with flow direction being upward through the
seat.

• When the valve is closed the disc is held into its seat against the
upward pressure of the fluid.

• The same upward pressure helps in opening of the valve.

• Depending upon the type of seating arrangement the valve can be

used as isolating or regulating purpose.
GLOBE VALVE

• Forged steel globe valves are available in sizes ranging from

½” to 2”and cast steel globe valves are available 2” to 24”.

• Pressure ratings are available from 150 to 2500 class.

• Working temperatures rang from -29 deg C to 570deg C.

• Valve materials used can be carbon steel, stainless steel and

alloy steel.
2.GLOBE VALVE

•It may be called screw down stop valve

•The axis of the stem is right angle to the body seat face

•Relatively short movement is required to close or open the valve

•This is well suited as stop valve, regulating or throttling process

•Body seat and disc may be replaced with short time

•Resistance to flow is high

•It is used in auxiliary steam services, drain lines, feed regulating station
etc.
2.GLOBE VALVE

• For the globe valves of larger sizes i.e. ,900 and

above internal parts of the body is machined to
provide continuous guide from open to close
position.

• The stem is held to the disc by a stem nut which

permits the disc to swivel.

• Wide tapered area is provided on the seat rings

that helps in sufficient seating.
Globe valve
 Globe valves at cpp vizag

SIZE
RATIN END OPERATI BODY DSN PR DSN
SL NO TYPE in DESCRIPTION
G CONNT ON MOC KSCG TEMP C
mm
hand SA216W
1 globe 150 150 F 5 200 BYPASS VLV DA PCV
wheel CB
hand SA216W
2 globe 150 150 F 5 200 ISO INITIAL HEATING LINE
wheel CB
hand SA182F3
3 globe 25 800 SW 3 50 ISO HP DOSING PUMP INLET
wheel 04
hand SA182F3 ISO HP DOSING PUMP
4 globe 25 800 SW 82 50
wheel 04 OUTLET

hand SA182F2 ROOT,ISO,DRAIN STEAM

5 globe 15 1500 SW 80 500
wheel 2 LINE PR GAUGE

hand
6 globe 25 1500 SW SA105 102 120 ROOT,ISO ECO AIR VENT
wheel
Globe valves at cpp vizag

SL RATIN END OPERATI BODY DSN PR DSN

TYPE SIZE DESCRIPTION
NO G CONNT ON MOC KSCG TEMP C
hand ROOT,ISO ECO INLET HDR
7 globe 25 1500 SW SA105 102 120
wheel DRAIN
hand
8 globe 40 1500 SW SA105 102 120 PRDS TCV ISO VALVES
wheel
hand
9 globe 40 1500 SW SA105 102 120 BYPASS OF TCV
wheel
hand
10 globe 25 1500 SW SA182F22 80 295 ISO VLV CBD LINE
wheel
hand
11 globe 40 1500 SW SA182F22 80 295 ISO VLV FOR IBD LINE
wheel
hand ROOT,ISO VLV CSH INLET LINE
12 globe 25 1500 SW SA105 80 295
wheel AIR VENT
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVE

• Angle Valve:
1.It operates in a manner similar to the globe valve, but the outlet of
valve makes 90deg angle with the inlet.
2.This reduces the pressure drop greatly across the valve as
compared to that of a conventional globe valve.
3.These are used where pressure drop or valve geometry is a concern.
4.This reduces the need of an additional joint in pipe fittings
5.The flow through the body is streamlined by the smooth curvature
of the inner surface which minimises the pressure drop.
6.The seating between the disc and the body is a narrow line contact.
So tight sealing can be achieved even if the foreign particles get stuck
to the seating area.
7.These are available from 2” to 12” size, pressure class in 150 to 300.
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVE

Angle valve Oblique valve

TYPES OF GLOBE VALVE

•Oblique Valve or Y type valves:

1. It ensure a near perfect straight flow which significantly reduces
pressure drop and turbulence compared to other globe valves.
2.Forged steel Y pattern globe valves have rugged ,compact and reliable
service.
3.They are available in ¼” to 2”sizes.
4.MOC is carbon steel up to temp 425 deg C and alloy steel up to
temperature application of 540 deg C.
5.Pressure sealed Y type valves are available for high pressure services
6.These valves are suitable for tight shutoff and throttling in high pressure
and high temperature lines.
7.These are available from 2” to 24” and pressure class of 1500.
2.GLOBE VALVE

• Cryogenic globe valves: These valves handle fluids at sub zero

temperatures
Extended bonnet gate and globe valves provide the right solution to meet
the challenges faced at very low temperatures. Especially to protect the
gland packing which may malfunction at very low temperatures.

1.Used in processing , storage and transportation of liquefied gases such as

ethylene ,LPG,LNG,hydrogen, helium, oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon.

2.For low temperature services of up to -46 deg C carbon steels and low
temperature Up to -196 are covered by stainless steel special grades .

3. Gate and globe valves are available in ASME class 150, 300 and 600
ratings and sizes from2” to 60” dia.
NEEDLE VALVE

1. The needle valve is similar to a globe valve but

the disc is replaced with a long tapered point at
the end of the stem

2. A much smaller seating area is achieved

compared to a globe valve.
3. It is more suitable as a throttling valve.
4. These valves are used to control flow into
delicate gauges which might get damaged by
sudden surge of fluid under pressure
5. This is used where very small quantity of flow is
desired.
GLOBE VALVE

Fluid or Medium Advantages Disadvantages

Water and steam
from low to high Faster opening and
temp and high pr closing is achieved Higher pressure drop

Shorter movement
also
. used for required to open
process fluids and close the valve Gearing becomes heavier

Maintenance is
comparatively easy. Large size valve requires
  high actuation force
3.BUTTERFLY VALVE

• This suitable for handling large amount of water with

low pressure
•It is suited for C.W. inlet and outlet of condenser
•The circular shaped disc turns about a diametrical axis.
•This is compact of low weight
•Butterfly valves occupy less space than any other of
the mentioned valves.
•These valves accomplish relatively tight sealing
•Improper fluid pressure distribution can cause the
valve to close.
•The pressure drop in butterfly valves is quite large as
compared to that of gate valves.
BUTERFLY VALVE
BUTERFLY VALVE COMPONENTS
BUTERFLY VALVE (Opening Position)
BUTERFLY VALVE

•Aqua seal wafer type butter fly valves: These valves are used in
water line services with low temperature (< 90 deg C) and low pressure (10
kgf/cms).

1.In the past valve body used to have a loose liner of rubber type resilient material
attached with the help of adhesive .But in this valve a elastomer liner is
modulated directly on the body.

2.This provides a stable seat which overcomes the tendency of the disc to push the
seat out of position

3.This layer provides a smooth surface to seat which minimises the friction
between disc and liner which adds to the longer life of the valve and it also
reduces the torque required to operate the valve.

4. Close interference fit between disc and liner provides tight sealing at full
rated pressure
BUTERFLY VALVE

5. This avoids any air pockets which may come due to loose liner.

6.The line fluid doesn’t come in contact with the body of valve hence no
corrosion and longer life of valve.

7. Used at raw water i/l, MGF i/l , ACF i/l etc.

slim seal wafer type butter fly valves: These valves are similar to
aqua seal valves but come with a wide range of body material and used for wide
range of working fluids.

1.This finds application in oils, fuels, water, air, gases , steam, hot gases etc

2.The temperature is limited to <120 deg C and pressure upto 16 bar.

Metseal butterfly valves: These are butter fly valves with special features
to accommodate high temp and pr application.
BUTERFLY VALVE

1. Triple offset design: Ensures a 1St offset

uniform compressive seal around the 2nd offset
entire seat. 3rd offset
2. The triple offset combines with the
resilient construction ensures zero
leakage
3. This geometry ensures contact
between the body seat and disc at the
final shut off position. So eliminates
wear and adds to longer life.

The laminar seal is constructed with Body seat

graphite layers sandwiched between metal Gasket
layers .
Laminar seal
1.It can withstand temp up to 538 deg C. Retainer
BUTERFLY VALVE

2. The resilient seal material flexes

according to the compressive forces
generated at high temp and pr . This
allows the valve body and disc to
connect and expand without the risk of
getting jammed .

3. These valves are available at sizes

from 3” to 36 “ and pr class 150 and
300 ratings.

4. At cpp at riser valves, at condenser

i/l,o/l, cwp o/l with motorised
actuators.
BUTERFLY VALVE

Sl Area of usage in CPP Size mm Pr bar

. no

1 Raw water i/l line 200 16

2 MGF i/l and o/l 150/150 16
3 ACF i/l and o/l 100 6-10
4 RWP i/l and o/l - / 200
5 CTMP i/l and o/l 300/200
6 ACWP i/l and o/l 400/250

7 CWP i/l and o/l - / 750 -- / 1.5

8 Condenser i/l and o/l 750/750 1.5 / 0.8
kg/cms
BUTTERFLY VALVE

FLUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Water, low Low cost. Leakage is fairly
temperature Light weight. high.
medium Dia of valve is Seals damaged
pressure and same, as by high velocity
other process connecting flow.
fluids. pipe. High actuation
force.
Low pressure
systems.
4.DIAPHRAGM VALVE

• The valve is closed by screwing down the

spindle, forcing the flexible diaphragm on
to the seat.
•When valve spindle is raised, the
diaphragm will come forward and valve
will open
•This can be used for liquids with
suspended particles
Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm valve
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE

• The gland packing is not required

• Only diaphragm and body are parts, it
should be protected from fluid.
• It can be used for control corrosive,
abrasive dirty liquid and corrosive gases.
• It can be seen in Water Treatment Plant
and Thermal Power Station
• Replacement is simple
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE

LIQUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Slurries, Gels Low cost. Frequent
Low pressure replacement.
drop. Limited to low
Tight shut off. temperature low
Insensitive to pressure.
contamination.
5.CHECK VALVE

• It is also described as reflux, non-return,

back pressure valves
•To permit flow in one direction and
prevent in the reverse direction
•Pressure of fluid open disk and reverse
flow the weight of the disk acting to the set
and cut off flow
 TYPES OF CHECK VALVE

• Swing Check Valve

• Lift Check Valve

 SWING CHECK VALVE

• The disc is hinged, so that it has freedom

to swivel and has full contact with the body.
•Disks may be metal, leather, rubber,
composition facings depends on the nature
of service.
• In fully open, little amount of obstruction
lift check valve
 SWING CHECK VALVE

• Flow pressure lifts the disk from its seat

and back flow or no flow causes, the disk
back to the seat
•Pressure drop across the flow is greater.
SWING CHECK VALVE
LIFT CHECK VALVE
NRV
 SWING CHECK VALVE

LIQUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Water, Steam Low pressure High leakage.
and process drop. Turbulance at
liquids. Light weight. low flow rates.
Low cost. Sealing surface
may erode.
 LIFT CHECK VALVE
LIQUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Water, Steam High pressure Horizontal lines
and process drop. only
liquids. Smooth
Low to high Operation.
temperature. Perfect seating
6.BALL VALVE

• It may be called Spherical Ball Valve

or Ball Plug Valve
• It has 90o rotary moment
• The plug is in the form of ball with
circular hole
• Ball valve offer tight shut off with
quarter turn operation and low
operating torque
 BALL VALVE

• Suited for straight on-off, recently with

some developments they used for throttling
process.
•Most standard ball valves have an
operating range of - 30oC to 230oC
• Specialized valves available above 200 oC
and below 500oC
• Well suited for water, solvents, acids,
oxygen, hydrogen, peroxide, methane and
ethylene
BALL VALVE
BALL VALVE
BALL VALVE (Opening Position)
 BALL VALVE

LIQUID ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Corrosive Very low Fluid trapped in
fluid, fluid pressure drop the ball cause
slurries and and low prob.
other fluids. leakage. Because of quick
Small size and opening, water
light. hammer.
Rapid opening
7.PLUG VALVE

• It has a plug, tapered or cylindrical, can be

rotated to move its parts relative to the body
parts, thus controlling the fluid flow.

• Quick action and flow is straight, no sudden

alteration in shape or action, loss of pressure
head is low.
PLUG VALVE
Plug valve
VALVE FUNCTION AND TYPES OF VALVES TO
BE USED

FUNCTION TYPE OF VALVE TO BE USED

1. On Off Service Gate Valve, Slide Valve,
Plug Valve, Ball Valve
2. Throttling Service Globe Valve (Y & Angle Valve),
Needle Valve, Butterfly Valve,
Diaphragm Valve
3. Prevention of Back Flow Check Valve, Foot Valve
VALVE FUNCTION AND TYPES OF VALVES TO
BE USED

FUNCTION TYPE OF VALVE TO BE USED

4. Pressure Control Safety & Relief Valve,
Pressure Reducing Valve
5. Other Controls Temperature Regulative Valve,
Flow Regulating Valve
6. Special purpose valve
Vacuum Valve, Cryogenic Valve
SPECIFICATION OF A VALVE

1. Type of Valve
2. Size (Nominal Pipe Size)
3. Rating (Pressure & Temperature)
4. Material
5. End Connection
6. Operation &
7. Optional / Extra Accessories.
Types of Valves
(Depending on closing element configuration)

• Isolation: Gate, Globe, Ball, Plug, Butterfly, Diaphragm,

etc.
• Control: Regulation, Needle, Control, etc.
• Unidirectional: Piston, Ball, Flap, etc.
• Pressure Relieving: Safety, Safety Relief, etc.
RATING

 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure of Medium with respect to

Temperature for a given material as listed in ASME B16.34.

 RATING - Denoted by Class Number.

BHEL Manufactures:
Forged Valves :
 CLASS 800,1500,2500 & 3000 Special
Cast Valves:
 CLASS 150,300,600,1500,2500,3500
How to Select a rating?
- For the given
temperature & application,
select material.
- For the material, choose
from table the appropriate
pressure for the given
temperature.
- The number above the
selected pressure gives the
required class for the
Valve.
Material of valves

• Cast iron
• Stainless steel
• Bronze
• Plastic
• Alloy steel
• Forged steel
• Carbon steel
• Copper
• Cast steel
• Aluminum
• Gun metal
Material of Construction valves

• Metallic Materials:
– Cast / Forged Steel (Carbon, Alloy, Stainless Steel)
– Non ferrous (Brass, Bronze, Copper, etc.)
– Precious Metals (Titanium, Tungsten, etc.)

• Non-metallic Materials:
– Plastics, FRP
– Ceramic materials
Material of Construction valves

UPTO 2” >2”

MATERIAL COMPOSITION
TEMP FORGE CAST

CARBON STEEL 425 A105 WCB / WCC C-Mn-Si

>425 F11 / WC6 / 1¼ Cr , ½ Mo

ALLOY STEEL
<595 F 22 WC9 2¼ Cr , 1 Mo

F304 / CF8 / 18 Cr, 8 Ni

STAINLESS STEEL 650
F316 CF8M 16Cr, 8Ni, 2Mo

A217-C12A (9% Cr STEEL) IS DEVELOPED FOR SUPER CRITICAL

BOILER APPLICATION
VALVE TRIM

A term for wetted parts and related parts of the closure elements in a valve. The
trim usually includes the following parts: the body , the disc seat, the stem and the
disc retainer, if any.
API SEAT RING WEDGE / STEM / BACK
TRIM NO SEAT DISC SPINDL SEAT
SEAT E

1 F6 (13%Cr) F6 F6 F6

2 F304 F304 F304 F304

5 Stellite Stellite F6 F6

8 Stellite F6 F6 F6

10 F316 F316 F316 F316

END CONNECTION

• Normally they are denoted as

T- Threaded end
F- Flanged end
SW-Socket welding
BW-Butt welding
 END CONNECTION

THE VALVE ASSEMBLY IS MOUNTED

ON PIPELINE BY FOLLOWING METHODS:

1.
2.
SOCKET WELD ENDS
SCREWED ENDS
} FOR 2”

3.
4.
FLANGED ENDS
BUTTWELD ENDS } FOR 2”
END CONNECTION
END CONNECTION
END CONNECTION
OPERATION

 HAND WHEEL OPERATION

 GEAR OPERATION

 MOTOR OPERATION