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Module 1 UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Calculate the total area to be paved: Length = 20 km = 20,000 m Width = 8 m Area = Length x Width = 20,000 m x 8 m = 160,000 m^2 2) Calculate the volume of asphalt needed using the thickness: Thickness = 4 cm = 0.04 m Volume = Area x Thickness = 160,000 m^2 x 0.04 m = 6,400 m^3 3) Calculate the number of truck loads using each truck's capacity: Truck capacity = 20 m^3 Number of loads = Total volume / Truck capacity = 6

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166 views20 pages

Module 1 UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Calculate the total area to be paved: Length = 20 km = 20,000 m Width = 8 m Area = Length x Width = 20,000 m x 8 m = 160,000 m^2 2) Calculate the volume of asphalt needed using the thickness: Thickness = 4 cm = 0.04 m Volume = Area x Thickness = 160,000 m^2 x 0.04 m = 6,400 m^3 3) Calculate the number of truck loads using each truck's capacity: Truck capacity = 20 m^3 Number of loads = Total volume / Truck capacity = 6

Uploaded by

Marga Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL

PHYSICS
SBC Senior High School
Physics is devoted to the understanding of all
natural phenomena. In physics, we try to
understand physical phenomena at all scales—
from the world of subatomic particles to the
entire universe.
Physics 1

UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

Presented by Martin Deleyos


Learning
Objectives
a. solve measurement problems involving conversion
of units, expression of measurements in scientific
notation.
b. differentiate Accuracy from precision.
c. estimate errors from the multiple measurements of
a physical quantity using variance.
d. differentiate from Random errors from Systematic
errors.
Measurement in Physics
Physics is an experimental science. Physicists perform experiments to test
hypotheses. Conclusions in experiment are derived from measurements. And
physicists use numbers to describe measurements. Such a number is called a
physical quantity. However, a physical quantity would make sense to
everyone when compared to a reference standard.

System of Units:
• Metric System
• English system
System of Measurements in Physics
English System - fps system or the FOOT-POUND-SECOND
Metric System - cgs system or the CENTIMETER-GRAM-SECOND
-mks system or the METER-KILOGRAM-SECOND
The modern form of the metric system is called the SI units which is
abbreviated from the French Le Systeme International d’Unites. This unit is
agreed upon and is legally enforced in almost all parts of the world.
Fundamental Quantities – Quantities independent of one another.
-length, mass, time, etc.
Derived Quantities – Combinations of fundamental quantities.
- speed, acceleration, work, etc.
SI Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s

Temperature Kelvin K

Electric Current Ampere A

Luminous Intensity Candela cd

Amount of Substance Mole mol


Scientific Notation and Unit Conversion
Scientific Notation is a convenient and widely used method of expressing
large and small numbers. Its basic form is:

Where N is any number between 1 and 10 and n is the appropriate power of


10.

Sample Problem 1.1:


a) The speed of light is approximately 300 000 000 m/s.
b) The mass of a strand of hair is approximately 0.000 000 62kg.
Solution: a.

b.
Practice Exercises 1.1
1. Express (a) 0.000646 and (b) 5,430,000 in scientific
notation

2. One Lightyear is the distance travelled by light in a


year. Convert one lightyear to meters using 3×108 m/s
for the speed of light. Hint: d=vt
SI Unit Prefixes
Sample Problems 1.2
1. Convert (a) 55 km to meters and (b) 12 g to kilograms. Express your
answers in scientific notation.

2. The SI unit of force is newton, represented by a capital letter N. One


newton of force gives a 1.0 kg body an acceleration of 1.0m/s 2. 1N is
equal to 1kg*m/s2. A smaller unit of force is the dyne. 1 dyne is equal to
1g*cm/s2. How many dynes are there in 1 N?
Practice Exercises 1.2
1. Convert a density of 2.79 g/cm3 to kg/m3.

2. One Lightyear is the distance travelled by light in a


year. Convert one lightyear to meters using 3×108 m/s
for the speed of light. Hint: d=vt
Errors and Uncertainties
The term error signifies a deviation of the result from some “true” value.
However, since we often cannot know the “true” value of a measurement
prior to the experiment, we can only determine estimates of the errors
inherent to the experiment.

Types of Errors:
 Random Errors
 Systematic Errors
 Blunders
Types of Errors
Blunders: If you spot inconsistencies in data points, then a “blunder” may
have occurred. The following examples can be considered blunders:

– Typographical errors in the data.


– Using wrong data in the analysis.
– Using wrong equations for the analysis.
Types of Errors
Random Errors: These errors do not occur in a definite pattern and can’t be
controlled. Possible examples include:

– Electronic fluctuations in the measuring equipment due to power


surges or defective battery.
– Cosmic ray damage on detectors
Types of Errors
Systematic Errors: Systematic errors generally lead to results that are
consistently “off” in some manner. The following conditions can lead to
systematic errors:

– Faulty calibration of equipment.


– Bias from observer or experimenter.
– A defective technique used by the experimenter.
– A defect in the design of the experiment.
– A defective measuring tool.
– Somebody pulls the plug or the battery goes dead.
Uncertainties
 The most prominent type: Those which result from fluctuations in
repeated measurements of data from which the results are calculated.

 The secondary type: Those which result from the fact that we may not
always know the appropriate theoretical formula for expressing the result.
Accuracy and Precision
 Accuracy is how close an experiment comes to the “true” value. It is a
measure of the correctness of the result. For an experimenter, it is a
measure of how skilled the experimenter is.

 Precision of an experiment is a measure of how exactly the result is


determined without reference to what the results means. It is a measure of
the precision of the instruments being used in the experiment.
Accuracy and Precision
Exercise / Assignment
A 20 km long, 8 m wide, two-lane highway is to be paved with a 4 cm thick
layer of asphalt. A fleet of three dump trucks is to be employed, each with an
empty mass of 20 metric tons and a carrying capacity of 20 m 3 asphalt with a
density of 0.72 g/cm3 will be used. Determine the following:

 the total volume of asphalt needed


 the number of dump truck loads required
 the gross mass of each truck

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