ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
By: Ms. Ladie Marie L.
Labado
Biochemistry Instructor
WHAT IS ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY?
- o
carbon.
rganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing
- associated with all living matter in both plants and animals.
- Rice, starch, corn, fats, oils, vitamin, milk, soybeans, proteins,
hormones, enzymes and many drugs are organic chemistry.
COMPARISON OF ORGANIC VIS
A VIS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
a. form by covalent linkage a. join by electro covalent or
b. burn readily (CO2 & H2O) ionic bond
b. usually incombustible
c. less soluble in water
c. solubility is independent
d. less stable in heat
d. more stable
e. less reactive
e. readily ionize when solution
F. more reactive
CLASSIFICATION OF
HYDROCARBONS
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
❖ Aliphatic - series or open chain compounds.
Example: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
❖ Aromatic - cyclic, planar compounds that resemble benzene in
electronic configuration and chemical behavior.
Example:
BONDING IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Element Number Bonding representation
of Bonds
C 4 OR OR
4 single bonds 2 single and 1 single and
1 double bonds 1 triple bonds
H 1
O 2 2 single bonds OR 1 double bond
N 3 3 single bonds
F, Cl, Br, 1 F --- Cl --- Br --- I ---
I
Greek Principal functional Formula Ending becomes
Prefixes No. of group
Carbons Alkane C–C -ane
Meth 1
Eth 2 Alkene C=C -ene
Prop 3
Alkyne -yne
But 4
Alcohol – OH -anol
Pent 5
Hex 6 Aldehyde – CH=O -anal
Hept 7
Ketone >C=O -anone
Oct 8
Non 9 Carboxylic acid – COOH -anoic acid
Dec 10
Ancillary (Ligands) Formula Name
methyl –CH3 Methyl
ethyl –CH2CH3 Ethyl
propyl –CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
butyl –C4H9 Butyl
pentyl –C5H11 Pentyl
Flourine –F Fluoro
Chlorine –Cl Chloro
Bromine –Br Bromo
Iodine –I Iodo
Amine –NH2 Amino
Hydroxyl –OH Hydroxy
Cyanide –CN Cyano
Benzyl –CH2C6H5 benzyl
THE SIMPLEST ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
⮚Methods used to represent organic molecules;
* Molecular Formula – tells the kind and number of each type of atom
molecule but does not show the bonding pattern.
?* Expanded Structural formula – shows each atom and bond in a
molecule.
?* Condensed structural formula – shows all the atoms in a molecule and
place them in a sequential order that indicates which atoms are bonded to
which.
?* Line Formula – a carbon atom is understood to be at every intersection
of lines and hydrogen atoms are filled mentally.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES
❑Alkanes are called saturated hydrocarbons because only single bonds connect carbons to
each other and to other hydrogen atoms.
❑General Formula ( CnH2n+n )
❑Nomenclature
1. Determine the number of carbons in the structure of the alkanes. Find the longest
carbon chain.
2. Use the prefix in naming the alkanes with the ending -ane
3. For branched alkanes, it is named using the continuous chain and is number from
the nearest branched end.
4. Groups are listed alphabetically as modifiers of the trunk.
5. The name of the group is preceded by a number indicating the position of the
group in the trunk.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES
5-ethyl-3-methyloctane
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES
4-ethyl-2,3-dimethyldecane
Nomenclature of Alkenes (CnH2n)
1. Determine the number of carbons in the structure of the alkenes. Find the longest
carbon chain.
2. Use the prefix in naming the alkenes with the ending – ene
3. The double bond in the structure of alkene must be indicated with a number to
denote its position. The alkene is numbered from nearest double bond of the
structure.
4. For branched alkenes, it is named using the continuous chain and is number from
the nearest branched end.
5. Groups are listed alphabetically as modifiers of the trunk.
6. The name of the group is preceded by a number indicating the position of the group
in the trunk.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENES
2-butene
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENES
5-ethyl-3-methyl-3-octene
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKENES
Draw the structure:
2-methyl-3-heptene
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYNES
(C N H 2N-2 )
1. Determine the number of carbons in the structure of the alkynes. Find the longest
carbon chain.
2. Use the prefix in naming the alkynes with the ending – yne
3. The triple bond in the structure of alkyne must be indicated with a number to denote
its position. The alkyne is numbered from nearest tri bond of the structure.
4. For branched alkynes, it is named using the continuous chain and is number from
the nearest branched end.
5. Groups are listed alphabetically as modifiers of the trunk.
6. The name of the group is preceded by a number indicating the position of the group
in the trunk.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYNES
5-diethyl-2-methyl-3-octyne
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYNES
Draw the structure:
? 2-methyl-3-heptyne
COMBINATION OF ALKENES
AND ALKYNES
⮚ In naming a hydrocarbon with combination of alkene and
alkyne, the alkene is name first (indicate with a number the
position of the double bond) and the ending “e” is deleted
followed by the name of alkyne by denoting the position of the
triple bond and the letters “yne”
⮚ The numbering of carbon in the structure of the combination of
alkene and alkyne starts from the nearest double bond or triple
bong whichever is nearer.
END OF PRESENTATION
