General

Chemistry
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G
A A
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1 2 3
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ENTROPY
 Learning
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

define entropy;

describe orally and in writing the change in entropy (whether it

increases or decreases) of a system when temperature, phase,
and number of particles changed; and

appreciate the relevance of entropy in real-life situations.

 Activity
15 min
Situation 1: Water vapor (gas) and Ice (solid)
Situation 2: Liquid Nitrogen and Nitrogen Gas
Situation 3: cold water (around 14°C) and
boiling water (around 100°C)
Situation 4: 2NH3 (g) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
 Activity

Water Vapor (g) and Ice (s)

• Which phase of H2O has a more disorder

arrangement?
• Why?
 Activity

Liquid Nitrogen and Nitrogen Gas

• Which phase of N2 has a more disorder arrangement?

• Why?
 Activity

cold water (around 14°C) and boiling water (around

100°C)
• At what temperature do molecules move faster and
more random? Why?
• What effect does temperature have to the arrangement
of molecules?
 Activity

2NH3 (g)  N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)

• Which side of the reaction (reactant or products) has a

more total number of moles?
• Which is more disorder? Why?
Entropy (S) is a measure of how dispersed or spread
out a system’s energy is among the available energy
levels.

• A measure of the disorder of a system.

• The greater the disorder, the greater the entropy.
Abstraction

System, Surroundings and the

Universe
Abstraction
 Abstraction

Second Law of Thermodynamics

For an isolated system, the direction of spontaneous change is from:

a situation of lesser probability to a situation of greater probability

order to disorder
The entropy of an isolated system increases or remains the same.
Abstraction
 SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES
Abstraction • A waterfall runs downhill, but never up,
spontaneously.
• A lump of sugar spontaneously dissolves in a cup
of hot coffee, but dissolved sugar does not
spontaneously reappear in its original form.
A • Water freezes spontaneously below 0°C, and ice
melts spontaneously above 0°C (at 1 atm).
• Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one,
but the reverse never happens spontaneously.

B
• Iron exposed to water and oxygen forms rust, but
rust does not spontaneously change back to iron.
Abstraction

The arrow of time

Arrow of time - unbelievable

Arrow of time - believable

10
9 1000 particles moving
8
randomly in a box
7 10
6 9
5 8
4 7
3
6
2
5 10
1
4 9
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 310
8
2 7

time = 0 1 6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 105
4

t = 20
Perfume
2
10
1

released
9
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8

How does it t = 200 5

spread? 3
2

t = 400 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

20
Abstraction
Abstraction
Trend of Entropy Change in a
System (Qualitative)

Ssolid < Sliquid

Trend of Entropy Change in a
System (Qualitative)

Sliquid < Sgas

Trend of Entropy Change in a
System (Qualitative)

Spure < Saqueous

Trend of Entropy Change in a
System (Qualitative)

Slower T < Shigher T

 Trend of Entropy Change in a
System (Qualitative)

Sfewer moles < Smore moles

 Abstraction

General rules:
If a reaction produces more gas molecules than it consumes S° is
positive.

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

 Abstraction

General rules:
If the total number of gas molecules diminishes S° is negative.

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3 (g)

 Abstraction

General rules:
If there is no net change in the total number of gas molecules, then S° may
be positive or negative, but will be relatively small numerically.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)

Are you
READY?
.
 Application

Select the substance with higher entropy ?

a. 1 mol S
b. 1 mol O2
c. 1 mol SO2
d. 1 mol SO3
 Application

Which of the following is a spontaneous process?

a. A boll rolls up a hill
b. Ice is formed at ambient temperature
c. Throwing 50 coins results in all tails
d. a fruit turns yellow as it ripens
 Application

Select the substance with the higher entropy.

a. Seawater at 2°C
b. Seawater at 10°C
c. Seawater at 20°C
d. Seawater at 23°C
 Application

I know that I know something about ______________.

I know that ___________________________________.
I noticed that _________________________________.
I realized that _________________________________.
I want to ask my teacher more about _____________.
Now you know something that I know about_______.
 Evaluation
From each pair of substances below, underline the one with higher
entropy.
1. Hg (s) or Hg (l)
2. Fe (s) at 25°C or Fe (s) at 100°C
3. He (g) or Ne (g)
4. CH4 (g) or C2H4 (g)
5. I2 (s) or I2 (g)
 Evaluation
Predict the direction of the following reactions. If the entropy is
increases, write POSITIVE. Otherwise, write NEGATIVE.
1. Liquid nitrogen evaporates
2. Increasing the pressure of gas at constant temperature
3. Expanding a gas
4. Cooling one mole of ideal gas
5. Liquid water is heated from 22.5 C to 55.8 C
6. 2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (aq) + O2 (g)
7. 4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Al2O3 (s)
Evaluation

ANSWERS
 Evaluation
From each pair of substances below, underline the one with higher
entropy.
1. Hg (s) or Hg (l)
2. Fe (s) at 25°C or Fe (s) at 100°C
3. He (g) or Ne (g)
4. CH4 (g) or C2H4 (g)
5. I2 (s) or I2 (g)
 Evaluation
Predict the direction of the following reactions. If the entropy is
increases, write POSITIVE. Otherwise, write NEGATIVE.
1. Liquid nitrogen evaporates +
2. Increasing the pressure of gas at constant temperature -
3. Expanding a gas +
4. Cooling one mole of ideal gas -
5. Liquid water is heated from 22.5 C to 55.8 C +
6. 2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (aq) + O2 (g) +
7. 4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 Al2O3 (s) -
 Evaluation
From each pair of substances below, underline the one with higher
entropy.
 Assignment

Describe 2 scenarios or situation

where entropy can be applied.
 Reflection

Complete the following sentence prompts.

I know that I know something about _______________________.

First, I know that ______________________________________.
In addition, I know that__________________________________.
Finally, I know that ____________________________________.
Now you know something that I know about_________________.
 Reflection

All things trend toward disorder. When cups of hot milk are left
on the table for a long period of time, the drinks cool to the
temperature of their surroundings by losing their heat. The
cooling process occurs naturally without any external aid and is
unidirectional. The flow of heat is brought about by the
temperature difference. How can you relate the second law of
thermodynamics in this process?
 Reflection
Your answer should consist at most five (5) sentences. Write your response
on a separate sheet of paper. Be guided with the following rubric:
Reflection Rubric
Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the
5
concepts, and has no misconception.
Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the
4
concept, but with minimal misconception.
Practical application is explained consistent to the concepts, but with
3
misconceptions.
2 Practical application is explained but not consistent to the concepts.
0 No discussion provided.
 Learning
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

define entropy;

describe orally and in writing the change in entropy (whether it

increases or decreases) of a system when temperature, phase,
and number of particles changed; and

appreciate the relevance of entropy in real-life situations.

The increase of disorder or entropy is what
distinguishes the past from the future, giving
a direction to time.

- Stephen Hawking
Thank you!