Computer Organization & Assembly

Language
2 – Data Representation
Number System
• Any number system using a range of digits that represents a
specific number. The most common numbering systems are
decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
• Numbers are important to computers
• represent information precisely
• can be processed

• For example:
• to represent yes or no: use 0 for no and 1 for yes
• to represent 4 seasons: 0 (autumn), 1 (winter), 2(spring) and 3
(summer)

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Number System
• A computer can understand number system where there are
only a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent
different values depending on the position they occupy in the
number.

• A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

• The digit
• The position of the digit in the number
• The base of the number system (where base is defined as
the total number of digits available in the number system).

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Decimal Number System

For example
Unit
Tens
Hundred
Thousands
…

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Binary Number System

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Hexadecimal Number System

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Conversion Between Number Systems
• Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Multiply each digit of the hexadecimal number from right to
left with its corresponding power of 16.
• Convert the Hexadecimal number 82ADh to decimal number.

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Conversion Between Number Systems
• Converting Binary to Decimal
• Multiply each digit of the binary number from right to
left with its corresponding power of 2.
• Convert the Binary number 11101 to decimal number.

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Conversion Between Number Systems
• Converting Decimal to Binary
• Divide the decimal number by 2.
• Take the remainder and record it on the side.
• REPEAT UNTIL the decimal number cannot be divided
into anymore.

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Conversion Between Number Systems
• Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Divide the decimal number by 16.
• Take the remainder and record it on the side.
• REPEAT UNTIL the decimal number cannot be divided into anymore.

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Conversion Between Number Systems
• Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
• Given a hexadecimal number, simply convert each digit to it’s binary equivalent. Then, combine each 4 bit
binary number and that is the resulting answer.

• Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

• Begin at the rightmost 4 bits. If there are not 4 bits, pad 0s to the left until you hit 4. Repeat the steps until all
groups have been converted.

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Unsigned Integers

• An unsigned integer is an integer that represents magnitude, so it is

never negative.

• Unsigned integers are appropriate for representing quantities that can

be never negative.
• For example 0,1,2,3,…

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Signed Integers

• A signed integer can be positive or negative.

• The left most bit is the signed bit
• If it is 1 the number represented is negative
• If it is 0 the number represented is positive or zero

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MSB and LSB

• In computing, the most significant bit (MSB) is the bit position in a

binary number having the greatest value. The MSB is sometimes
referred to as the left-most bit.

• In computing, the least significant bit (LSB) is the bit position in a

binary integer giving the units value, that is, determining whether the
number is even or odd. The LSB is sometimes referred to as the right-
most bit.

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Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Equivalents.

Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Hexadecimal

0000 0 0 1000 8 8

0001 1 1 1001 9 9

0010 2 2 1010 10 A

0011 3 3 1011 11 B

0100 4 4 1100 12 C

0101 5 5 1101 13 D

0110 6 6 1110 14 E

0111 7 7 1111 15 F
Character Representation
• All data, characters must be coded in binary to be processed by the
computer.
• ASCII:
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• Most popular character encoding scheme.
• Uses 7 bit to code each character.
• 27 = 128 ASCII codes.
• Single character Code = One Byte [7 bits: char code, 8th bit set to zero]
• 32 to 126 ASCII codes: printable
• 0 to 31 and 127 ASCII codes: Control characters

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How to Convert?
• If a byte contains the ASCII code of an uppercase letter, what hex
should be added to it to convert to lower case?
• Solution: 20 h
• Example: A (41h) a (61 h)
• If a byte contains the ASCII code of a decimal digit, What hex should
be subtracted from the byte to convert it to the numerical form of the
characters?
• Solution: 30 h
• Example: 2 (32 h)

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Character Storage
ASCII Representation of “123” and 123

'1' '2' '3'

"1 2 3" = 00110001 00110010 00110011

123
123 = 01111011

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1. Convert the following binary numbers to their decimal equivalents:
a. 001100 b. 000011 c. 011100 d. 111100 e. 101010
2. Convert the following decimal numbers to their binary equivalents:
b. 64 b. 100 c. 111 d. 145 e. 255
3. Express the following octal numbers in hexadecimal notation:
c. 12 b. 5655 c. 2550276 d. 76545336 e. 3726755
4. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to their decimal equivalents:
d. C b. 9F c. D52 d. 67E e. ABCD
5. Convert the following decimal numbers to their hexadecimal equivalents:
a. 16 b. 80 c. 2560 d. 3000 e. 62,500