Computer network

Made by :
Hesham Ali
Mostafa Mahmoud
Omar Mohamed
Ahmed Bahaa
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contents :

1- Computer network
2- Types of cable
3- Network and society
4-Intranet
5-Questions
6-References
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Computer Network
Computer network A collection of
computing devices that are connected in various
ways in order to communicate and share
resources
Usually, the connections between computers in a
network are made using cables
However, some connections are wireless, using
.radio waves or infrared signals
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Types of network

Personal area network (PAN) -

- Local-area network (LAN)
- Wide area network ( WAN)
- Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
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Personal area network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is the
interconnection of information technology
devices within the range of an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters. For example,
a person traveling with a laptop and a portable
printer could interconnect them without having
to plug anything in, using some form of wireless
technology. Typically, this kind of personal area
network could also be interconnected without
.wires to the Internet or other networks
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Local-area network

Local-area network (LAN) A network that

connects a relatively small number of machines
in a relatively close geographical area
 Wide-area network (WAN) 7

A network that connects two or more local-area

networks over a potentially large geographic
distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to
serve as a gateway to handle all communication
going between that LAN and other networks
 Metropolitan-area network 8
(MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network
that interconnects users with computer resources
in a geographic area or region larger than that
covered by even a large local area network (LAN)
but smaller than the area covered by a wide area
network (WAN). The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city which may
then also offer efficient connection than the wide
area network
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Classification of network
according to topology

Bus topology -
- Star topology
- Ring topology
- Mesh topology
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BUS Topology
All nodes are connected to a single -
communication line that carries messages in
both directions
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Star topology
A configuration that centers around one node -
to which all others are connected and through
which all messages are sent
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Ring topology
A configuration that connects all nodes in a -
closed loop on which messages travel in one
direction
 Mesh topology 14
In a mesh network topology,
each of the network node,
computer and other devices,
are interconnected with one
another. Every node not only
sends its own signals but also
relays data from other
nodes. In fact a true mesh
topology is the one where
every node is connected to
every other node in the
.network
Network
Cables
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Despite advances in wireless
technologies, many computer
networks in the 21st century still
rely on cables as a physical
medium for devices to transfer
data. Several different types of
network cables exist, each
designed for specific purposes.
:Types of network cables 17

Coaxial Cables:
First invented in the 1880s, "coax" was best
known as the kind of cable that connected
television sets to home antennas. Coaxial cable is
also a standard for 10 Mbps Ethernet cables.
These cables consist of an inner copper wire of
varying thickness surrounded by insulation and
other shielding. Their stiffness caused network
administrators difficulty in installing and
maintaining thinnet and thicknet.
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 Twisted Pair Cables: 19
Twisted pair eventually emerged during the 1990s
as the leading cabling standard for Ethernet,
starting with 10 Mbps.
Ethernet twisted pair cables contain up to 8 wires
wound together in pairs to minimize
electromagnetic interference.
Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry
standards are defined – Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Modern
Ethernet cables use UTP wiring due to its lower
cost, while STP cabling can be found in some
other types of networks such as FDDI.
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 Fiber Optics cables: 21
Instead of insulated metal wires transmitting
electrical signals, fiber optic network cables work
using strands of glass and pulses of light. These
network cables are bendable despite being made
of glass. They have proven especially useful in
wide area network (WANs) installations where
long distance underground or outdoor cable runs
are required and also in office buildings where a
high volume of communication traffic is common.
Two primary types of fiber optic cable industry
standards are defined – single-mode and
multimode.
Long-distance telecommunications networks 22
more commonly use single-mode, while local
networks typically use multimode .
 USB Cables: 23
Most Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables connect a
computer with a peripheral device (keyboard or
mouse) rather than to another computer for
networking. However, special adapters
(sometimes called dongles) also allow connecting
an Ethernet cable to a USB port indirectly. USB
cables feature twisted-pair wiring.
 Serial and Parallel Cables: 24
Because many PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s
lacked Ethernet capability, and USB had not been
developed yet, serial and parallel interfaces that
are obsolete on modern computers were
sometimes used for PC-to-PC networking. So-
called null model cables, for example, connected
the serial ports of two PCs enabling data
transfers at speeds between 0.115 and 0.45 Mbps.
 Crossover Cables: 25
Null modem cables are one example of the
category of crossover cables. A crossover cable
joins two network devices of the same type, such
as two PCs or two network switches.
The use of Ethernet crossover cables was
especially common on older home networks
years ago when connecting two PCs directly
together.
 Other Types of Network Cables: 26
Some networking professionals use the term
patch cable to refer to any kind of straight-
through network cable being used for a
temporary purpose. Coax, twisted pair and fiber
optic types of patch cables all exist. They do not
differ in physical characteristics from other types
of network cables except that they tend to be a
shorter length.
NETWORK AND
SOCIETY
 In education: 28
In a classroom full of students texting away on
their smartphones, the effects of computer
technology can be readily observed. Vast amounts
of information are now literally at students
fingertips. Instructors make use of digital
multimedia tools to illuminate their lessons. Some
classrooms are managed online and some take
place entirely on the Web making it possible for
the geographically-isolated and the
underprivileged to connect to broader learning
communities. Virtually every aspect of education
is affected by computer technology.
The Answer is a Click Away 29
The way students search for information has been
drastically impacted by computer technology. Instead of
a trip to the library, students go online to access vast
amounts of information. Large digital collections, such as
Project Gutenberg which hosts over 40,000 ebooks, and
reliable online references such as Encyclopedia
Britannica provide students with searchable text,
engaging multimedia and interactive content. Rather
than relay information, the instructor's new role is to
facilitate more inquiry and encourage students to
develop the skills to find the answers by themselves.
Taking Class Online 30
Computer technology has brought many components of
class management online. Through Learning Management
Systems such as Blackboard and the open-source Moodle ,
students enroll for classes, access important documents
and take online quizzes. Discussion takes place in forums
and wikis and instructors send feedback and grades all in a
virtual space. According to SEO.com, in 2011 more than 6
million students were taking at least one class online with
an enrollment rate far exceeding brick-and-mortar
institutions. Online schools make it possible for non-
traditional students such as a working adult or a parent
taking care of a child to earn a degree from an accredited
online school despite their busy schedules.
 The Negative 31
1. Many students rely on the accessibility of
information on social media specifically and the
web in general to provide answers. That means a
reduced focus on learning and retaining
information.
2. Students who attempt to multi-task, checking
social media sites while studying, show reduced
academic performance Their ability to
concentrate on the task at hand is significantly
reduced by the distractions that are brought
about by YouTube, stumbleupon, Facebook or
Twitter.
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3. The more time students spend on social sites,

the less time they spend socializing in person.
Because of the lack of body signals and other
nonverbal cues, like tone and inflection, social
networking sites are not an adequate
replacement for face-to-face communication.
Students who spend a great deal of time on social
networking are less able to effectively
communicate in person
 Marketing: 33
Internet marketing, or online marketing, refers to
advertising and marketing efforts that use the Web
and email to drive direct sales via electronic
commerce, in addition to sales leads from Web
sites or emails. Internet marketing and online
advertising efforts are typically used in conjunction
with traditional types of advertising like radio,
television, newspapers and magazines.
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 Financial Transaction
The next use mentioned here is financial
transaction. Financial transaction is the
term which is used when there is exchange of money.
With the use of internet in the financial transaction, your
work has become a lot easier. Now you don’t need to stand
in the queue at the branch of your particular bank rather
you can just log in on to the bank website with the
credential that has been provided to you by the bank and
then can do any transaction related to finance at your will.
With the ability to do the financial transaction easily over
the internet you can purchase or sell items so easily.
Financial transaction can be considered as one of the best
uses of resource in the right direction.
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social communication
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Intranet
 Internet:
Though used on a daily basis by people all around the world, a
thorough understanding of what the internet is lacking for most
of its users. The internet can best be seen as a community of
computers that are allowed to connect to each other, and any
computer on the internet can connect any other computer at any
time it wishes. there is one single, unified internet that all
computers connect to, allowing anyone connected to share and
access all the information that they choose to. While humans are
often using computers in the traditional sense (with a mouse,
keyboard, and monitor), many of the other ‘computers' we
connect to are most often servers, which act as holding stations
that store all the data that is being accessed.
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 The Internet functions via several major hubs throughout the
world, Primarily ordered and managed by the United States, a
person sitting in California that is connected to the internet
can access servers anywhere else around the world that are
also connected. Because servers are physically located
throughout the world, this is why some websites are able to
return information faster than others - a server in a nearby city
does not have to send data as far as a server thousands of
miles away.
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 Intranet:
Intranet is a restricted version of the internet, that typically
does not allow access to anyone outside of its network. An
intranet is typically a local only network, meaning only people
who are directly wired to the intranet can access the
information stored on its servers. Intranets may be used for
organizations or networks that do not want their information
to be able to be accessed by outside sources, and is especially
important for organizations that require a high amount of
secrecy - such as a server that holds military secrets or a
database for the CIA. Intranets are basically mini versions of
the internet that connect just a few servers, instead of the
countless number of servers that the internet holds and
connects with one another.
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 Extranet:
Internet and an intranet are not always separate and clear cut,
and anything that is a blend of the two is considered an
extranet. An extranet is a private intranet (or local network)
that is connected to the Internet, but only allows access to
certain information or access by certain groups of people. The
extranet is a blend of the secrecy and control allowed to an
intranet, but also the convenience and sheer amount of
information enjoyed by using the internet.
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?Why Intranet
 Although, the concept of Intranet draws heavily on the
Internet technology, the need for Intranet arises more from
the business pres­sures to transform the way business is
conducted.

 Some of the im­portant factors responsible for the popularity

of Intranet are listed below:
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 (a) Need to cut costs:
 The cost effectiveness is the mantra in the competitive world
of today. Intranet attempts to streamline flow of information
and is user directed. That saves on time and cost of
communicating information.

 (b) Dynamics of markets:

 Today, changes take place more rapidly in the market and
company than ever before. Therefore, the information needs
to be reported and exchanged more quickly among all those
associated with the company, including em­ployees, customers
and vendors.
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 (c) Customer support:
 The increasing role of customer support in the marketing
strategy has changed the whole concept of com­munication in
enterprises. A direct contact of the customer with the
customer support department through Intranet directs the
‘job to specialist’ and ensures better handling of complaints.
 The related advantage is that it also permits the sales force to
look after more crucial problems than to act as intermediary
between the customer and customer support department for
the routine kind of complaints.
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 (d)Solving Problems:
 Intranet replaces grapevine as it permits inter employee com­
munication with more transparency and free expression of
views. It enables employees at various levels to pose
problems/ques­tions, participate in discussions and contribute
answers to thorny problems of the company. The concept of
collective expertise can be given a concrete shape with the
help of Intranet.

 (e)Productivity:
  It improves productivity of the manager. With Intranet, the
man­ager can spend more time in analysing information and
not in seeking information and waiting for its delivery.
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Intranet Disadvantages
 The disadvantages of Intranet are few and can be overcome by
proper planning and support from the top manage­ment. Some
of the important disadvantages are as follows:

 1. One of the major disadvantages is the risk of security to the

corporate information resource. The intranet exposes the
corpo­rate information resource to the risk of loss of privacy
and even unauthorised alteration. The Intranet technology is
still quite fragile and the risk of security and privacy of
information on Intranet is higher.
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 2.As the Intranet communications are conven­ient and less
expensive, the number of mails/queries is likely to increase and
if these are not responded to quickly, they will pile up and the
order will give way to chaos in the enterprise.
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 3. Another fear that is being talked about these days is the
danger of reduced face-to-face interaction between employees
leading to im-personalisation of the enterprise. However,
studies have yet to prove anything of this sort.
 Questions: 47

1- What are the types of cables?

2- Define twisted pair cables ?
3- What are types of fiber optics
cables ?
4-local networks typically use
multimode instead due to its lower
cost . True or false
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5- importance of network in
education ?
6-classificate the network as it size .
7-classificate the network as it
topology.
8-compare between intranet-
internet-extranet.
9-mention the uses of intranet.
 References: 49

1-compnetworking.about.com
2-network.information.com
3-forum.network.com
4- wikipedia.com
5-techopedia.com