Section 3.

Properties
of
Logarithms
 Change of Base Formula
Let a, b, and x be positive real numbers and a  1 and b  1
THEN: log b x
loga x  log a
b

log10 x log x
loga x  log a  log a Common Logarithm
10

log e x ln x
loga x  log a  ln a Natural Logarithm
e
 Example (3.3a)

Changing log514
to base 6 will give: log 6 14
log514 
log 6 5
to base 10 will give:
log 14
log514 
to base e will give:
log 5

ln 14
log514 
ln 5
 Properties of Logarithms

(1) log a uv   loga u  loga v (Product Property)

log 7 x   log 7  log

2 2 2
x

u
(2) loga  loga u  loga v (Quotient Property)

v  16 
log  5   log 16  log 5
2 2 2

n
(3) loga u  n loga u (Power Property)

log x  7  log x
3
7
3
 Properties of Logarithms

(1) loguv   log u  log v

Common
Logarithms
u
(2) log  log u  log v
base 10 v
n
(3) log u  n log u

(1) ln uv   ln u  ln v
Natural
Logarithms u
base e
(2) ln  ln u  ln v
v
n
(3) ln u  n ln u
Example (3.3b) “Answer T or F”

log 12  log 3  log 4

5 5 5

log4 10  5  log4 10  log4 5

log 24  log 2  log 3  log 4

9 9 9 9

log4 50  log4 10  log4 5

log4 a  b   log4 a  log4 b
Example (3.3b): Solution “Answer T or F”

log 12  log 3  log 4

5 5 5
T

log4 10  5  log4 10  log4 5 F

log 24  log 2  log 3  log 4

9 9 9 9
T
log4 50  log4 10  log4 5 T

log4 a  b   log4 a  log4 b F

Example (3.3c) “Answer T or F”
 17 
log6  33   log617  log6 33

 17  log6 17
log6  33  
log 33
6

log3 5  log310  log3 2

log2 35
 log 2 35  log 2 7
log2 7

1
log8 13  log813
2
Example (3.3c): Solution “Answer T or F”
 17 
log6  33   log617  log6 33 T
 17  log6 17 F
log6  33  
log6 33
 10 
log3 5  log3    log310  log3 2 T
2
log 2 35
 log 2 35  log 2 7 F
log 2 7
1
log8 13  log813
2 T
 Example (3.3d)

Find the exact value of:

5 6 e
ln 5e  ln e  7 ln
3 4
 Example (3.3d): Solution
The value is:
5 6 e
ln 5e  ln e  7 ln
3 4
5
 ln 5  ln e  6 ln e  7ln e  ln 4 
3
5

 ln 5  1  6   7 1  ln 2
3
2

 ln 5  1  10  7  14 ln 2
 4  ln 5  14 ln 2
 Example (3.3e)

Evaluate the expression:

log 35  log 7 log 9

9 9 5
 Example (3.3e): Solution
Answer is:
log9 35  log9 7  log5 9
 35 
  log9   log5 9 
 7 
Change Base to e  log9 5 log5 9 
 ln 5   ln 9 
  
 ln 9   ln 5 
1
 Example (3.3f), (important)

What is the value of:

7 log100  2 log10  log1000

Example (3.3f): Solution
log 10  1
The value is:

7 log 100  2 log 10  log 1000

2 3
 7 log 10  2 log 10  log 10
 72 log 10  2(log 10)  3 log 10
 14(1)  2(1)  3(1)
 14  2  3  15
 Example (3.3g)

Expand the logarithmic expression:

3
5x
log4
y
 Example (3.3g): Solution

The expansion is:

3
5x 3
log4  log4 5 x  log4 y
y
1
3
 log4 5  log4 x  log4 y 2

1
 log4 5  3 log4 x  log4 y
2
 Example (3.3h)

Condense the logarithmic expression:

3 ln( x  2)  ln x  ln 10
 Example (3.3h): Solution
To condense is to have one single logarithmic:

3 ln( x  2)  ln x  ln 10
 ln( x  2)  ln x  ln 10 
3

 ln( x  2)  ln 10 x 
3

3
 ln( x  2)  ln 10 x
3
( x  2)
 ln
10 x
Ready ?

Practice
 Practice # 1

Simplify:
100
log510 x  log5125  log5
x

 ln 8 
Answer : 

log 8
5
or 
ln 5 
 Practice # 2

Find the exact value of:

3 2 8
ln e  ln 5e  ln  ln 40
e
 Practice # 3

Expand the logarithmic expression:

2x  3
ln
7
 Practice # 4, (Very important)

Condense the logarithmic expression:

5 log 2  3 log 2  1
 Practice # 5

Given the function:

f x   5  ln( x  1)
then find f 1

“Needed is the inverse of the function f “

Homework Problems
Section 3.3
page 241
11, 17, 18,
24, 27,
31, 32, 33, 35, 41, 43,
57, 61, 77, 79, 85