Mode of Data Transmission
Types of transmission mode
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
Simplex
The most basic form of data or information
transmission is called simplex. This means that data
is sent in one direction only, from sender to receiver.
Half-duplex transmission
data is sent in both directions, but in only one
direction at a time. With half-duplex transmission,
you can incorporate error detection and request that
any bad data be resent.
Surfing the World Wide Web is a form of half-
duplex data transmission.
You send a request for a Web page and then wait
while it is being sent back to you. Most modem
connections use half-duplex data transmission.
Full-duplex transmission
The most efficient method of transmitting data is
to use a full-duplex transmission, in which data
can be transmitted and received at the same time.
A telephone is a full-duplex device because it
allows both parties to talk at the same time.
Local Area Networks - Internetworking
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Internetworking devices
Increasing power and complexity
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
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Why Interconnect?
•To separate / connect one corporate division with another.
•To connect two LANs with different protocols.
•To connect a LAN to the Internet.
•To provide a security wall between two different types of users.
•To connect WLAN to LAN
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Hubs
A hub interconnects two or more workstations into a
local area network.
When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub
immediately resends the data frame to all connecting
links.
Hubs expand one Ethernet connection into many.
For example, a four-port hub connects up to four
machines
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Passive Hub
Passive hubs used in a LAN environment; special form
of repeater that allow multiple devices to be wired into a
central location and share the same media; do not
regenerate (repeat) the signal
Active Hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater
hub, multiport repeater or hub is a device for connecting
multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act
as a single network segment. ...
A central connecting device in a network that
regenerates signals on the output side to keep the signal
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strong. Also called a "multiport repeater.
And it is more intelligent than passive Hub
Hubs
Bridge
A bridge connects networks and forwards frames
from one network to another.
PORTS
A B E F
BRIDGE
C D G H
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Selective Forwarding
A B E F
BRIDGE
C D G H
If A sends a frame to E - the frame must be forwarded
by the bridge.
If A sends a frame to B - there is no reason to forward
the frame.
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Bridge Database
The bridge needs a database that contains dd rs
o a te
d t pu
information about which hosts are on which ar om
H wc
network. ne
The realistic options are:
The system administrator can create and
maintain the database.
The bridge can acquire the database on the fly.
Some loss of efficiency
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Bridge interconnecting two identical LANs
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A bridge interconnecting two dissimilar LANs
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Bridges vs Routers
Bridge: A bridge is a Router: A router is a device
device that connects that connects two distinct
two segments of the networks. Routers are similar
same network. The two
networks being to bridges, but provide
connected can be alike additional functionality, such
or dissimilar. as the ability to filter
Bridges are protocol- messages and forward them to
independent. They different places based on
simply forward packets various criteria.
without analyzing and
re-routing messages. The Internet uses routers
extensively to forward packets
from one host to another.
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Switches
A switch is a combination of a hub and a
bridge.
It can interconnect two or more workstations,
but like a bridge, it observes traffic flow and
learns.
When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch
examines the destination address and forwards
the frame out the one necessary connection.
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Switches
Major role: isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple
access. This design is usually done by the network manager.
Switches are easy to install and have components that are hot-
swappable.
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Switches
The backplane of a switch is fast enough to support multiple
data transfers at one time.
Multiple workstations connected to a switch use dedicated
segments. This is a very efficient way to isolate heavy users
from the network.
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Switches vs routers
Switches are considered layer-two devices, using MAC
addresses to forward frames to their proper destination.
Routers, layer-three devices, are much more complex,
using microprocessor-based circuitry to route packets
between networks based on their IP address.
Routers provide the following services: route discovery;
selection of the best route to a destination; adaptation to
changes in the network; translation from one technology to
another, such as Ethernet to token ring; packet filtering
based on IP address, protocol, or UDP/TCP port number;
and connection to a WAN.
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Because of the additional processing required for each
packet, a router has a higher latency than a switch.
In addition, a router requires an initial set-up sequence, in
which the ports are programmed and certain protocols and
characteristics are enabled or disabled.
A switch may be simply plugged into the network,
automatically learning how to forward frames as the network
is used.
Finally, switches are used within networks to forward local
traffic intelligently.
Routers are used between networks to route packets between
networks in the most efficient manner.
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Workstations connected to a shared segment of a LAN
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Workstations connected to a dedicated segment of a LAN
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A pair of remote bridges and switch combination
designed to isolate network traffic
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Switch providing multiple access to an e-mail server
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Connections (in general)
Bridges for LANs and hubs.
Switches for LANs and workstations.
Routers for LANs and WANs (the Internet).
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The OSI Reference Model
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network Network
Layer Layer
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
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Wireless connections: Access Point as a Bridge
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The Physical Layer Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network
Layer
SpecifiesNetwork
Layer
electrical
Data Link Data Link
Layer connectionLayer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
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The Physical Layer Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network Network
Layer Layer
Amplification
Regeneration
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Hub
Layer Layer
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The Data Link Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport
Delineation
Transport
Layer
Address
Error Layer
of
Network Formatting
Detection Network
Layer Data Layer
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
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The Data Link Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network Network
Layer Layer
Data Link Bridge Data Link
Layer & Switch Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
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The Network Layer Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport
Layer
End to endTransport
Layer
routing
Network Network
Layer Layer
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
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The Network Layer Connection
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network Network
Layer Router Layer
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer
35
