BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
An Architecture Board Examination
Refresher Lecture presented by:
Arch. Mandie D. Pagaduan
all presentation are based on review
materials of RAM review center.
Board Exam Facts:
Questions given are mostly practical
Field experience – always the best
line of your defense
Each question contains a key word
Basic construction methods come out
-not so much with the newer
methods
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
How did it started?
-primary purpose is to provide shelter
for the performance of human activities
-caves as natural shelter in the
prehistoric period
-building construction became a
necessity to protect man from the harsh
elements of weather
-building construction includes all
man’s effort to control his environment
(dams, canals, roads, tunnels, aqueduct
and bridges)
Primary Building construction
tecniques
post and lintel /post and beam
– classical Greek method
arch and vaults
– Mesopotamian origin (Iraq),
masonry construction
Parts: keystone, voissoirs, tympanum,
Imposts, springer,intrados, extrados, soffit
Truss
– Andrea Palladio “ if triangle is rigid,
then combination of such is also rigid”
cantilever
– Corbelling-supporting stone bracket
BASIC CONSTUCTION
MATERIALS
1. Wood – technically known as
xylem
-durable: stronger than
concrete relative to its weight
-lightweight
-ease in fastening
(nails,bolts,screws,glue, joinery
)
-artistic and with natural beauty
-recyclable and renewable
resource
Wood Classification
Mode of growth
-exogenous –outward growing trees
preferred for lumbering
-endogenous – brittle in character
Density
-softwood – conifers, evergreens
-hardwood – deciduous trees w/
broad leaves
Uses for Various Tree Species
Both softwood and hardwood species have
many uses. Because they often have attractive
grain patterns, many types of hardwood are
cut into appearance-grade lumber used for
interior woodwork and to make furniture. While
some softwood species are also made into
appearance-grade lumber, softwoods are more
commonly made into products such as poles
and pilings, support lumber used for
construction, and paper and cardboard.
Timber Construction Terms
Logging – defined as the harvesting of the tree crops
( felling – skidding – bucking)
Lumbering – the term applied to the operation in
preparing wood for commercial purposes.
Sawing Methods:
Plain or bastard sawing
Quarter or rift sawing
TERMINOLOGIES
Slab – kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the
annular rings of wood running the full length of the log w/
at least one flat surface
Timber – five inches or larger in the least dimension
Plank – wide piece of lumber from 2 – 5 inches thick
Board – less than 1 ½ inch thick and at least 4 inches
wide
Flitch – thick piece of lumber
Stick – small in cross section; other than the stated above
Lumber – refers to term applied to wood after it has been
sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc.
Rough lumber – unplanned or undressed lumber
Silviculture – the process of growing timber crops of the
better and more valuable species as rapidly as possible
through scientific forestry
Wood defects
Shakes or cracks
Knots
Dry and wet rot
Seasoning –of lumber means “even dryness”
-natural or air drying (several months)
-forced air drying (using fans)
-kiln drying (using furnace)-few days
- radio frequency dielectric drying
Measuring wood:
For square or rectangular sections:
bd-ft. = thickness x width x length
12
For round sections/logs:
bd-ft. = (D-4)² x Length
16
Sample problems:
1. Compute the number of board-feet of a
rectangular timber measuring 8” x 8” x 12’
Answer: 64 bd-ft
2. Round log measuring 11” in the larger
diameter, 10” in the smaller diameter and
having a length of 11 ft?
Answer:24.75 bd-ft
Carpentry
Post (halige, poste)
– upright structural
member supporting the
structure
Girders (guililan,
barakilan)- The principal
beam extending from
wall to wall
-supports
floor joists and beams
either solid and built-up
Lumber and related products
veneer and plywood
hardboard
particle board
Plywood, construction material consisting of thin sheets of
wood glued together. The grains of wood in adjacent
sheets are arranged at right angles to each other, which
makes plywood exceptionally strong for its weight.
Plywood is used in construction, particularly for floors,
roofs, walls, and doors. It also is used to build molds for
concrete formations, such as foundation supports. Inside a
house, plywood often is used in a variety of furnishings,
including cabinetry, shelves, tables, countertops, and wall
paneling.
Terminologies
Floor joist (soleras) – are those
parts of the floor system placed on
the girders where the floor rests
Sill (pasamano) – is that part of
the side of the house that rests
horizontally upon the foundation
( wood plate)
Header – short transverse joist
that supports the end of the cut-
off joist at a stair well hole
Trimmer – is a supporting joist
which carries an end portion of a
header
Flooring (suelo)– refers to the
wood flooring materials: tongue
and groove
The roof system
1. shed or lean to type
2. gable or pitched roof
3. mansard
4. double gable
5.valley roof
6. gambrel
7. ogee
8. saw tooth
9. French or concave
10. butterfly
11. dome
12. pyramidal
13. hip roof
14. conical or spire
Types of roof frame
Rafter types
Common rafters (tahilan)– extended at right angles
from the plate or girt to the ridge
Hip rafters – laid diagonally from the corner of a
plate or girt to the ridge
Valley rafters – any rafter which does not extend
from the plate or girt to the ridge
hip jack, valley jack, cripple jack.
Valley jack
Valley rafter
Common rafter
Hip rafter
Hip jack
Truss – is a built up frame commonly employed on a
long span roof unsupported by intermediate columns or
partitions.
Purlins (reostra) - structural members placed on top of
the rafters or top chord of a truss that supports the
roofing materials.
WOOD AND METAL FRAMING
Splicing - a process of joining two
pieces of timber in their longitudinal
direction in order to transmit stresses
from one member to the other
Lapping
Fishing
Scarfing
Joinery- advanced branch of carpentry that requires
considerable skill in
precision and accuracy.
2. MASONRY AND CONCRETE
MASONRY (kanteria)- is
the art of building with
stone, bricks, concrete
blocks or similar
materials.
BRICKS (ladrilyo)- are
manufactured from clay
and other materials
processed into a
workable consistency
molded to standard sizes
and fired in kiln.
CHB WALLS
BRICK JOINTS
Struck
Concave
Flush
Rudded
Stripped
Weathered
U- shaped
Beaded
Raked
Standard Brick Size
2’’
6“
4’’
BRICK LAYOUT
BOND- term used
referring to the
arrangement of bricks
STRETCHER- when
brick is laid where its longer
side is exposed to view.
HEADER- when head is
exposed
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK-
most commonly used masonry
materials for all types of
construction walls, partitions,
dividers etc., with varying
thickness and designs
CEMENT
Hydraulic Cement –
bonding agent that
reacts with water to form
a stone like substance
that is resistant to
disintegration in water.
Portland Cement-
type of hydraulic cement
- named after Joseph
Aspdin, after a natural
limestone quarried in
Portland England
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPE I – used for general
construction
TYPE II - concrete construction
exposed to moderate sulfate action or
where heat of hydration is required.
TYPE III- high early strength
TYPE IV- high sulfate resistance is
required
POZZOLAN CEMENT- amorphous silica that hardens
as a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the
presence of water.
WATER – should be clean and potable
AGGREGATES - inert materials that when bound
together into a conglomerated mass by Portland
cement and water form concrete mortar or plaster.
Coarse Aggregates- number 4 ( 4.76mm) sieve
Fine Aggregates - number 200 ( 74 micron) sieve
ADMIXTURE- material other than water, aggregates
and Portland cement.
ADMIXTURES
RETARDANT
SUPERPLASTICIZER
ACCELERATOR
COLORING
WATER-PROOFING
Air-entrained concrete is concrete in which minute air bubbles are
intentionally trapped by the addition of an admixture to the
cement, either during its manufacture or during the batching and
mixing of the concrete. The presence of a properly distributed
amount of these bubbles imparts desirable properties to both
freshly mixed and hardened concrete. In freshly mixed concrete,
entrained air acts as a lubricant, improving the workability of the
mix, thereby reducing the amount of water that needs to be
added. Entrained air also reduces the need for fine material
(sand).
CONCRETE- an artificial stone as a result of mixing concrete,
fine aggregates , course aggregates and water- it is called
PLAIN CONCRETE
Concrete masonry is block and brick building units molded of
concrete and used in all types of masonry construction.
Concrete masonry is used for load-bearing and nonload-
bearing walls; piers; partitions; fire walls; backup for walls of
brick, stone, and stucco facing materials; fireproofing over
steel structural members; firesafe walls around stairwells,
elevators, and other enclosures; retaining walls and garden
walls; chimneys and fireplaces; concrete floors; and many
other purposes.
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE – pertains to consistency,
plasticity, mobility
A good cement will show a tensile strength of 19.4
kg per sq cm (275 lb per sq in)
TEST OF CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST- method that requires a fabricated metal
COMPRESSION TEST- using UTM
MIXING CONCRETE
job site mixing
ready mixed – discharged in 1 ½ hrs.
REBOUND HAMMER TESTING
CURING CONCRETE – hardening of concrete depends
upon the chemical reaction between the cement and
water
7-28 days
3 days for high early strength
3. REINFORCED CONCRETE
When concrete structural members must resist extreme tensile
stresses, steel supplies the necessary strength. Steel is
embedded in the concrete in the form of a mesh, or roughened
or twisted bars. A bond forms between the steel and the
concrete, and stresses can be transferred between both
components.
FOUNDATION - to transmit the collective
building load to the ground
spread footing
mat/ raft foundation
piles
pier
Caissons box/caisson piers
floating foundation- special type of foundation applied in
location where deep deposits of cohesive soil exist and the
use of pile is impractical. The weight of the building should
be equal to the weight of the soil extracted.
FOUNDATION
Pile- is a structural member of small cross sectional
area with reasonable length driven down the ground by
means of hammer or vibratory generators.
-bank stabilizer
-cohesive soil compaction
-for loads to reach the hard stratum underground
Important terms:
Sheet pile
H-pile
Shoring
Tie back
Deadman
Wales
COLUMN- loosely used in a general sense for
any support a floor and a roof beam or arch.
a. Short column H= < 10x B
b. Long column H = > 10x B
REINFORCING COLUMN
TIED COLUMN- held by lateral ties
Lateral ties- 10 mm min. ACI
with formworks
SPIRAL COLUMN- term given where a
circular concrete core is enclosed by
spirals with vertical or longitudinal
bars.
spacing 2.5-7.5 cm.
not less than 6 pcs. 16mm
steel bar
COMPOSITE, COMBINED AND LALLY
COLUMNS- where the structural steel
column is embedded into the concrete
core of a spiral column
LALLY COLUMN- fabricated post made
of steel pipe in filled with concrete.
MATERIAL STRUCTURE
RELATIONSHIIPS
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
TENSILE ( TENSION)
STRESS
SHEAR AND STRAIN
TORSION
STRESSES
The loads imposed on a building are classified as either
“dead” or “live.” Dead loads include the weight of the
building itself and all major items of fixed equipment. Dead
loads always act directly downward, act constantly, and are
additive from the top of the building down. Live loads
include wind pressure, seismic forces, vibrations
caused by machinery, movable furniture, stored
goods and equipment, occupants, and forces caused
by temperature changes. Live loads are temporary and
can produce pulsing, vibratory, or impact stresses. In
general, the design of a building must accommodate all
possible dead and live loads to prevent the building from
settling or collapsing and to prevent any permanent
distortion, excessive motion, discomfort to occupants,
or rupture at any point.
SHEAR- slip from each other/ tear up
STRENGTH – cohesive power of a
material
MOMENT- tendency of a force to
cause rotation.
STRAIN- alteration or reformation.
STRESS – pressure of load, weight
and some other adverse forces or
influences
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR
SYSTEM-
refers to the beam, girder , and floor slab.
BEAM AND GIRDER-
structural member that
support the transverse load
with each end resting on a
support.
continuous
Simply supported
cantilever
t- beam
REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
1. ONE WAY SLAB span/ 20
2. TWO WAY SLAB span/ 24
3. RIBBED span/ 28
4. FLAT SLAB span/ 10
PRECAST CONCRETE
TILT UP SLAB - cast on site then tilted up
LIFT UP SLAB – lifted by a jack anchored to a pilotis
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRE STRESSING- cables are stretched
before concrete is poured
POST TENSIONING- with ducts for
the cables to be able to be stretched
even the concrete is poured.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF STEEL
1. carbon steel
More than 90 percent of all steels are carbon steels. They contain
varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65 percent
manganese, 0.60 percent silicon, and 0.60 percent copper. Machines,
automobile bodies, most structural steel for buildings, ship hulls,
bedsprings, and bobby pins are among the products made of carbon
steels.
2. Alloy steel
More than 90 percent of all steels are carbon steels. They contain
varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65 percent
manganese, 0.60 percent silicon, and 0.60 percent copper. Machines,
automobile bodies, most structural steel for buildings, ship hulls,
bedsprings, and bobby pins are among the products made of carbon
steels.
3. High-strength low alloy steel
They have been specially processed, however, to have much
more strength than carbon steels of the same weight.
4. Stainless steel
Stainless steels contain chromium, nickel, and other alloying
elements that keep them bright and rust resistant in spite of
moisture or the action of corrosive acids and gases.
5. Tool steel
They contain tungsten, molybdenum, and other alloying
elements that give them extra strength, hardness, and
resistance to wear.
VARIOUS STEEL SECTIONS
WIDE FLANGE
I-BEAM
H-PILE
C-PURLIN
PIPE
TUBULAR
ANGULAR
Z-SECTION
STEEL STRUCTURES
Welding, in engineering, any
process in which two or more
pieces of metal are joined
together by the application of
heat, pressure, or a combination
of both. Most of the processes
may be grouped into two main
categories: pressure welding,
in which the weld is achieved by
pressure; and heat welding, in
which the weld is achieved by
heat. Heat welding is the most
common welding process used
today. Brazing and soldering are
other means of joining metals.
ADVANCED BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
1. bulk active structures
Structure or structural member that
redirects external forces primarily
through the bulk and continuity of its
material, as beam and column
Ex. Post and beam, bearing wall system,
frame system
1. Vector active structures
redirects external forces through the
composition of tension and compression members
Ex. Truss
A. Space Frame- derived from a truss
A three dimensional structure based on the
rigidity of a triangle
Also called a “ space truss”
B. Lamella roof
A vaulted roof
composed of lamellae
forming a crisscross
pattern of parallel
arches skewed to the
sides of the covered
space.
C. Geodesic domes
3. Surface active structures
redirects external forces primarily along the
continuity of the surface.
Ex.
a. Folded plate system
A plate structure
composed of thin
deep elements joined
rigidly along their
boundaries and
forming sharp angles
to brace each other
from lateral buckling
b. Thin shell – rigid shell structure
4. Form active structure
a structure or structural member that redirects
external forces primarily through the form of its materials
Ex.
A. arch and its
derivatives
Abutments –part of the
structure supporting or
receiving the forces in an
arch
Thrust- outward pressure or
force exerted by one part of
a structure against another
Drift- the thrust of an arched
structure to its abutments
Membrane structures
- a thin flexible surface that carries loads primarily to the
development of tensile stresses
A. Tent structure
B. Net structure
Pneumatic structures
-membrane structures that are placed in tension and
stabilized by the pressure of a compressed air
Air supported / air inflated structure
High rise structure framing systems
Perforated tube
Framed
THE LEVER HOUSE
Trussed tube
Braced Tube
Latticed tube
HONGKONG BANK
Tube in tube
Bundled tube
SEARS TOWER
AND TAEPEI 101
Damping systems
Tuned mass damper
Aerodynamic damping
Shaping of a building to
create air turbulence
Internal damping
Base isolation
BOARD EXAM TIPS
Do not just read the lines, “Read Between the
Lines” or even “Read beyond the lines”
Enhance your vocabulary-understanding is
better than knowing
Read as much as you can
Develop your own memorizing technique but
do not “overdose” yourselves
Manage your time properly-time = chances of
passing
Pay attention to your weaknesses
BOARD EXAM TIPS
Trust your instinct-NEVER CHEAT
Enjoy every second of your exam
agony-keep away from stress
READ…READ…READ….
PRAY.
