C O N T E M P O R A RY

M AT H E M AT I C S
&
F U N D A M E N TA L S O F
M AT H E M AT I C S
The Number System
IMAGINARY

COMPLEX
IRRATIONA
NON-
REAL L
INTEGER COUNTING
RATIONAL S

INTEGER ZERO
S
NEGATIVE
COUNTING
Rational Numbers terminating numbers or non-terminating but repeating numbers,
Examples: 2.6666666

Irrational Numbers are non-repeating and non-terminating numbers

π = 3.141592654.
 = 1.4142135

Non-Integers
Fractions ⅓. ¾
Decimals 5.5, 4.098

Integers consist of whole numbers and the negative integers

Negative integers -1-2 -3 -4.
Positive Integers 1,2, 3,4,5, 6
VARIOUS TYPES OF NUMBERS

Even Numbers: All multiples of 2 are called even numbers 

Examples: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …………..are all even numbers 

Odd Numbers: Numbers that are not multiples of 2 are called odd numbers.
Examples; 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 ……..are all odd numbers 

Prime Numbers: A natural number greater than 1, which has exactly two factors, name 1 and itself, is
called a prime number. 
Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, …..are called prime numbers 

Composite Numbers: A natural number having at least one factor, besides 1 and itself, Is called a
composite number. 
Examples; 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15,……….are called composite numbers 

Relatively Prime: Two numbers are said to be relatively primes if they do not have a common factor
other than 1. 
Examples: Some pairs of relative primes are: (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (8, 9), etc.
Operations of Integers on a number line
• Operations of integers will include the basic arithmetic operations.

• In Math, integers are the numbers that include all the positive numbers, negative
numbers, and zero.

• A number line is a reference for comparing and ordering numbers. Every number
on the number line is plotted with respect to the origin (zero), and the position of a
number on a number line determines the value of that number.
Addition of Integers

Positive numbers: When we add two positive numbers, the result will always be a positive number.

For example, the addition of 1 and 5 (1 + 5 = 6)

Negative numbers: When we add two negative numbers, the result will always be a negative number.

For example, the addition of -2 and -3

Subtraction of Integers

Positive numbers: When we subtract two positive numbers, move to the left as far as the value of the second
number.

For example, subtract 5 from 2

Negative numbers: When we subtract two negative numbers, move to the right as far as the value of the second
number.
For example, subtract -4 from -2
Multiplication of Integers

When two integers are multiplied then the product is an integer only. The rules of multiplication of integers are as
follows:

 The product of two positive integers is positive (Eg. 2 × 3 = 6)

 The product of two negative integers is negative (Eg. -3 × -4 = 12)
 The product of a positive and a negative integer is negative (Eg. -3 × 5 = -15)

Division of Integers

When one integer is divided by another integer, the product is either an integer or a fraction. The rules of division of
integers are as follows:

 Division of two positive integers results in a positive value (Eg. 9 ÷ 3 = 3)

 Division of two negative integers results in a negative value (Eg. -4 ÷ -2 = 2)
 Division of a positive and a negative integer or vice-versa results in a negative value (Eg. -10 ÷ 5 = -2)
 Rules of Operation With Integers
The rules of operations on integers are listed below:

• The addition of two integers with the same sign will result in the sum of integers with the same sign.
• The addition of two integers with different signs will result in the difference of integers with the sign
of greater value.
• Subtraction of integers will follow similar rules as an addition. One important rule is the sign of an
integer, which is subtracted from other integers, changed, and added to the other integer.
• Multiplication and division of two same-sign integers will result in a positive value.
• Multiplication and division of two different sign integers will result in a negative value.
 ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION
Solving mathematical word problems always entails logical, critical
thinking skills as well as a good amount of analysis.

Some of the words are useful for algebraic translation:

ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATIO DIVISION EQUAL

N
 increased by  minus  the product of  the quotient  is, are.
 more than  The difference  Multiply of  Was, were
 Sum of  diminished by  Of  divided by  will be
 combined with  take away  times  Ratio  yields
 added by  less than  per  gives
 plus  Decreased by  equal to
 subtract from
EXAMPLE:
WORD PHRASES ALGEBRAIC NOTATIONS
3 increased by x 3+x

the difference between x and y ×-y

x/y
× divided by y

5 times the square of x 5 (x²)

4 times a certain number increased by 5 4×+5

10 less than a certain number x - 10

8 subtracted from a certain number y y-8

10 is 20% of what number? 10 = 20% • n

TRY THE EXERCISE BELOW:

Translate the following phrases to mathematical or algebraic notations

the sum of c and d

the square of x diminished by 10

two more than thrice of x

5 less than the square of m

the sum of the cube of m and n

SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS BY APPLYING ALGEBRAIC
TRANSLATION
PERCENTAGE PROBLEM

1. What number is 50% of 60?

2. 12 is 125% of what number?

3. What percent of 25 is 60?

NUMBER PROBLEM

GEOMETRY PROBLEM
PERCENT, DECIMAL, AND FRACTION
Converting Percent to Decimal

In changing Percent to Decimal, simply drop the percent sign:

 move the decimal point two places to the left or
 divide the given number by 100

Example:
25% = 0.25 0.75% = 0.0075 2.46% = 0.0246 134.7% = 1.347
6% = 0.06 100% = 1

Converting Decimal to Percent

In changing Decimal / Whole Number to Percent, simply:

 move the decimal point two places to the right or
 multiply the given number by 100
then annex the percent sign.

0.75 = 75% 4.2= 420% 0.03 = 3% 0.0012=.12% 5 = 500% 5 = 50%

Converting Fraction to Decimal

In changing Fractions to Decimals simply divide the numerator and the denominator

¾= 0.75 ¼= 0.25 ½ = 0.5 3/5 = 0.6 2/3 = 0.667 12/7 = 1.714

Converting Decimal to Fraction

0.5 = 5/10 = ½ (the numerator 0.5 will be converted to a whole number (5) and the
The denominator is ten because the given is 0.5, and five is in the tenths place, thus we
divide it by ten)

Converting Fraction to Percent

In changing Fraction to Percent, simply convert fraction to decimal, first by dividing the numerator by the
denominator then moving the decimal point two decimal places to the right and annex the percent sign.

(Note: if the given is a mixed number convert it first to an improper fraction before converting it to decimal.)

Example: 2/3 = 0.667 = 66.7% ¾ = 0.75= 75% 1 5/7 = 12/7 = 1.714=171.4%

Converting Percent to Fraction

In changing Percent to Fraction, simply:

drop off the percent sign and divide the number by 100.

25% = 25/100 = ¼ 33 1/3% = 33 1/3 / 100 = 100/3 / 100 = 1/3

150% = 150/100 = 3/2 = 1 ¼

However, if the percent is in decimal units, first drop the percent sign by moving
the decimal point two places to the left then convert the decimal to its fractional
equivalent.
MEASUREMENT
Two systems of measurement (the Metric System and the English System)
Units of measurement that are commonly used:

1 kilometer = 1000 meters

1 centimeter = 0.01 meter 1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram (kg)
1 foot = 12 inches 1 ounce (oz) = 28.3495 grams
1 yard = 3 feet 1 kiloliter = 1000 liters
1 mile = 1760 yards 1 centiliter = 0.01 liter
1 mile = 1.609 kilometer 1 gallon (gal) = 4.5461 liters
1 yard = 0.9144 meter 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meter
1 foot = 0.3048 meter 1 hour = 60 minutes
1 inch = 25.4 millimeter 1 minute = 60 seconds
1 day = 24 hours 1 year = 365 days
1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 leap year = 366 days
1 centigram = 0.01 gram 1 decade = 10 years
1 pound = 16 ounces (oz) 1 century = 100 years
Using SCIENTIFIC Calculator in solving operations of Fractions
Triangles

A. Classification of Triangles according to SIDES.

                  
• A triangle with no sides congruent is a scalene triangle
•A triangle with at least two sides congruent is an isosceles triangle
•A triangle with three sides congruent is an equilateral triangle.

B. Classification of Triangles according to ANGLES

•
 A triangle containing a right angle is a right triangle.
•A triangle with all angles acute is an acute triangle.
•A triangle containing an obtuse angle is an obtuse triangle

Note: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180

Quadrilaterals and Polygons
• A plane figure enclosed by four-line segments is called a quadrilateral.

Types of Quadrilaterals
• A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides.
• An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with a pair of base angles congruent.
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each pair of opposite sides, is parallel.
• A rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle.
• A square is a parallelogram with all sides congruent.
Polygons

A plane figured enclosed by 3 or more-line segments are generally called a

polygon. Thus, a triangle is a 3-sided polygon, and a quadrilateral is a 4-
sided polygon. Here are some polygons with more than 4 sides.

• Pentagon is a 5-sided polygon.

• Hexagon is a 6-sided polygon.
• Heptagon is a 7-sided polygon.
• Octagon is an 8-sided polygon.
• Nonagon is a 9-sided polygon.
• Decagon is a 10-sided polygon.
An n-sided polygon is sometimes called an n-gon. A polygon is said to be a regular
polygon if all its sides and all its angles are equal. The figures below show a regular
polygon.

A segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon is called a diagonal. The

sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
Perimeter

 The perimeter of a polygon is the distance around the polygon.

 To find the perimeter of a polygon, add the length of each side of the figure

Circumference

If C is the number of units in the circumference of a circle whose diameter is d of

the same units, then, C/d = π , or C
= π x d. Since d = 2 x Ar, it is also true that C = π x (2x r), or C = 2x π r

Area of Plane Geometric Figures

 Area is always measured in square units.

 Area is the amount of surface of a plane geometric figure.
Measuring with SI Units
  
 The basic unit of length for the metric system is the meter (m). Other commonly used units include the
kilometer (km), the centimeter (cm), and the millimeter (mm)
 The most used metric units of mass are the kilogram (kg), the gram (g), and milligram (mg). The basic
unit of mass is the gram.
 The most used metric units of capacity are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL), where the liter is the basic
unit of capacity.

Prefixes relate the other metric units to the basic unit by powers of ten. The chart below shows how the
prefixes are related to the decimal place value.
STATISTICS
 Mean is the average of a group of numbers.
 Median is the middle value of a series of numbers that are arranged in
either ascending or descending order.
 Mode is the number in a group, which occurs most often.
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