1.
Invisible Meaning
2. Context
3. Deixis
A L A FA M A H M U D A H ( 2 0 8 8 2 0 3 0 1 3 )
D E N I S A M U M TA Z U N N
(2088203008)
PRAGMATIC
Contents of Pragmatics
Invisible meaning
Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or ‘speaker
Context meaning’, In many ways, pragmatics is the study of
Deixis ‘invisible’ meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even
Reference when it isn’t actually said or written
Inference
(Yule, 2006)
Anaphora
Presupposition
Speech acts
Direct and indirect speech acts
Politeness
Negative and positive face
PRAGMATIC
Contents of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is concerned with interpretation of linguistic
meaning in context
Invisible meaning
Context (Fromkin 1978)
Deixis
Reference
Inference
Anaphora
Pragmatics involves how speakers use language in
contextualized social interactions, how they do things with
Presupposition
words.
Speech acts
(Leech 1975)
Direct and indirect speech acts
Politeness
Negative and positive face
PRAGMATIC
Contents of Pragmatics
Invisible meaning
Pragmatis is Study utterance speaker meaning. Utterances are
Context expressions identified only by their context additionally focuses
Deixis on the meaning of words according to the context and their
Reference inferred meanings as well, besides that Pragmatics concerned
with how speakers use language in contextualized social
Inference
interaction
Anaphora
Presupposition
Speech acts
Direct and indirect speech acts
Politeness
Negative and positive face
Invisible Meaning
Pragmatics is study of invisible meaning or how we recognize the
intended meaning of the speaker or the writer, even if it is not
actually said or written. To achieve that, use the meanings of the
words, in combination, and the context in which they occur, and try
to arrive at what the writer of the sign intended his message to
convey.
INVISIBLE MEANING
If we see picture of babies and there
is word Baby & Toddler SALE, we
can recognize an advertisement for
a sale of clothes for those babies
and toddlers, and it is not assuming
that this store will sell the babies.
INVISIBLE MEANING
in sentence Mary is a working Mary is a working
mother it states that Mary has mother
children who are still small and she
works hard for her family. The
speaker chooses to use certain
expressions or sentences to convey
something,
Context
Pragmatics is the study of how language is used and of the effect of
context on language, Where as context is the same word many means
of the set of others word used in the some phrase or sentence.
There are different types of context
(contextual information)
1 2 3 4
Linguistic context Physical context Social context Epistemic context
(co-text)
Linguistic context (co-text)
It refers to the words and sentences surrounding any part of a discourse that helps to determine its
meaning. Sometimes it is called co-text. It refers to the relationship between the words, phrases,
sentences and even paragraphs. It is the set of all other words used in an utterance or sentence.
My father is fishing on the bank A bank will close one week in Idul fitri day
We identified the word bank as a homonym a single form with more than one meaning
Physical context
1. This encompasses what is physically present around the speakers/hearers at the time of communication
(tables, chairs, cars, signs)
2. Place and time of utterance (when and where the communication is taking place)
3. What actions are taking place around the speakers/communication
Example
a) I want that book. (accompanied by pointing)
b) Teacher to student: "Come to my office at 12 pm tomorrow!" The
physical context in this example indicates the time and place
reference (At the time of the utterance, the student is not in the
teacher's office, and the time is before tomorrow).
If you are driving and you see a sign that reads:
"Slow Down! Children Crossing the Road"
You will know that you are driving in front of a school, and that you have to drive slowly in order not run any
student over.
Social Context People-President relationship
“Mr. President, stop bugging me and go home.”
(inappropriate)
The social relationship of the people
involved in communication. Husband-Wife relationship
“Honey, could you make me a cup of tea?” (appropriate)
Son-father relationship
“Hurry up and bring me some water!” (inappropriate)
Father-son relationship
“Hurry up and bring me some water!” (appropriate)
Example 1
A : “Have you bought that Toyota you told me about?”
B : “My wife travelled with the kids to Turkey for a month.”
Epistemic Context
These two utterances seem unrelated. However, when A uses his
background knowledge of the world as well as his intuition, he will be
able to understand that B did not buy the car because B's wife spent the
It refers to the background money when she travelled to Turkey with the kids for a month.
knowledge and beliefs of the
participants (speaker-hearer) in the
communication
Example 2
A : “Have you seen Jack?”
B : “The red car is across the street.”
This piece of conversation seems incoherent. However, if we know that
the speaker A and listener B know that Jack has a red car, then the
conversation would seem coherent and can be easily understood.
Deixis
Deixis is a Greek word meaning pointing via language. It is also
known as Deictic expression.
Deictic expressions: are words or phrases that are used to point to
persons, time, lace, and situation in which the speaker is
speaking.
TYPE DEIXIS
1. PERSON DEIXIS
2. SPATIAL DEIXIS
3. TEMPORAL DEIXIS
Person Deixis
Concern itself with grammatical person involved in an utterance, in English the
distinction are generally indicated by Pronoun.
Person Deixis: Point to things (e.g., it, this,
that, these boxes,...), and people (e.g., I, you,
him, he, them, her, that man,...)
Example
I am going to bazaar
Would you like to have dinner?
This is a book
Spatial Deixis
Example
I enjoy living in this Also known as place deixis, concerns itself
the spatial location relevant to an utterance.
city
Here is where we meet Point to a place or location
(here, there, this place, near that, away from here, etc)
She was sitting over
there
Temporal Deixis
Concern itself the various time involved in and
referred to in utterance
Point to a time (e.g., now, then, tomorrow, today,
last night, yesterday, last month etc)
Example
It is rain now, but I hope my heart will be sunny.
Sasa went to Bromo last month.
Tomorrow is friday
Thank you
