3 Microprocessor
3 Microprocessor
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit (CPU),
memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.
Address bus
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MicroProcessor Generations
Processor generations is simply have the enhanced feature
set and speed than the previous generations.
The difference in processor micro-architecture is the main
difference in processor generations.
Like the number and size
of transistors, clock rate
and microchip
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4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
• INTEL 4004
• Introduced in 1971.It was the first microprocessor by Intel. It
was a 4-bit µP. Its clock speed was 740KHz. It had 2,300
transistors. It could execute around 60,000 instructions per
second.
• INTEL 4040
• Introduced in 1974.It was also 4-bit µP.
.
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8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 8008
Introduced in 1972. It was first 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 500
KHz. Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8080
Introduced in 1974. It was also 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors. Was 10 times faster than 8008.Could
execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8085
Introduced in 1976. It was also 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. It had 6,500
transistors. Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second. It could
access 64 KB of memory. It had 246 instructions.
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16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 8086
It was first 16-bit µP. Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10
MHz, depending on the version. Its data bus is 16-bit and address
bus is 20-bit. It had 29,000 transistors. Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second. It could access 1 MB of memory. It had
22,000 instructions. It had Multiply and Divide instructions.
INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979. It was also 16-bit µP. It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086. It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external
bus.
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32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
• INTEL 80386
Introduced in 1986.It was first
32-bit µP.Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-bit. It
could address 4 GB of memory.
• INTEL 80386
Introduced in 1989. It was also
32-bit µP. It had 1.2 million
transistors. Its clock speed
varied from 16 MHz to 100
MHz depending upon the
various versions. 17
Introduced in
1993.
INTEL PENTIUM It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
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INTEL PENTIUM PRO
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
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INTEL PENTIUM III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
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INTEL PENTIUM IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
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INTEL DUAL CORE
Introduced in 2006.
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
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The following block diagram represent a
microprocessor-based system
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1. Microprocessor
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2. Memory
Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory
(ROM).
– decodes it,
Address bus
ALU Register
Section
Data bus
Micro
Processor
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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
The component that performs the arithmetic and logical
operations
the most important components in a microprocessor, and is
typically the part of the processor that is designed first.
able to perform the basic logical operations (AND, OR),
including the addition operation.
The inclusion of inverters on the inputs enables the same
ALU hardware to perform the subtraction operation (adding
an inverted operand), and the operations NAND and NOR.
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Internal structure of ALU
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Instruction Set
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Register sets
The register section/array consists completely of circuitry
used to temporarily store data or program codes until
they are sent to the ALU or to the control section or to
memory.
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Buses
Communication is needed among components. These three components
are connected by sets of parallel electric conductors (wires), called
buses. A bus is a set of parallel connections between components. There
are three types of buses:
Address Bus: is used mainly by the microprocessor to indicate which
particular address in main memory or which I/O port needs to be
accessed.
Data Bus: is used for retrieving information from main memory or I/O for
the microprocessor, or for storing the information from the microprocessor
to memory or I/O.
Control Bus: is responsible for transmitting task commands such as “read”
and “write” to the memory and I/O components and for receiving
corresponding responses from them.
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus
Register Set & Buses
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Single-core computer
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Single-core CPU chip
the single core
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Multi-core architectures
a new trend in computer architecture:
Replicate multiple processor cores on a single
die.
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Multi-core CPU chip
Multi-core CPU chip
The cores fit on a single processor socket
Also called CMP (Chip Multi-Processor)
c c c c
o o o o
r r r r
e e e e
1 2 3 4
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The cores run in parallel
thread 1 thread 2 thread 3 thread 4
c c c c
o o o o
r r r r
e e e e
1 2 3 4
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Within each core, threads are time-
sliced (just like on a uniprocessor)
several several several several
threads threads threads threads
c c c c
o o o o
r r r r
e e e e
1 2 3 4
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Why multi-core ?
Difficult to make single-core
clock frequencies even higher
Deeply pipelined circuits:
heat problems
speed of light problems
difficult design and verification
large design teams necessary
server farms need expensive
air-conditioning
Many new applications are multithreaded
General trend in computer architecture (shift towards
more parallelism)
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Interaction with the
Operating System
OS perceives each core as a separate
processor
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Reduce Power Consumption
Multicore
One core with frequency 2 GHz
Two cores with 1 GHz frequency (each)
Same performance
Two 1 GHz cores require half power/energy
Power freq2
1GHz core needs one-fourth power compared to 2GHz core.
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Thread-level parallelism (TLP)
This is parallelism on a more coarser scale
Server can serve each client in a separate
thread (Web server, database server)
A computer game can do AI, graphics, and
physics in three separate threads
Single-core superscalar processors cannot fully
exploit TLP
Multi-core architectures are the next step in
processor evolution: explicitly exploiting TLP
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General context:
Multiprocessors
Multiprocessor is any
computer with several
processors
SIMD
Single instruction, multiple data Lemieux cluster,
Pittsburgh
Modern graphics cards supercomputing
center
MIMD
Multiple instructions, multiple data
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Multiprocessor memory types
Shared memory:
In this model, there is one (large) common
shared memory for all processors
Distributed memory:
In this model, each processor has its own
(small) local memory, and its content is not
replicated anywhere else
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Multi-core processor is a special
kind of a multiprocessor:
All processors are on the same chip
Multi-core processors are MIMD:
Different cores execute different threads
(Multiple Instructions), operating on different
parts of memory (Multiple Data).
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What applications benefit
from multi-core?
Database servers
Web servers (Web commerce) Each can
Compilers run on its
own core
Multimedia applications
Scientific applications,
CAD/CAM
In general, applications with
Thread-level parallelism
(as opposed to instruction-
level parallelism)
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