INFERNO
DANTE ALGHIERI
BOOK ANALYSIS
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FULL TITLE TYPE OF LANGUAGE DATE AND MOTIFS AND
AND WORK AND USED PLACE OF SYMBOLS
AUTHOR GENRE PUBLICATION
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CHARACTERS AND ROLES
PROTAGONIST AND MENTOR OR GUIDE ANTAGONIST
NARRATOR
VIRGIL LUCIFER
DANTE ALGHIERI
THERE ARE 20 CHARACTERS IN THE
POEM, INCLUDING DANTE, VIRGIL AND
LUCIFER.
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INFERNO CHARACTERS
THE GLUTTON THE UNBAPTIZED LUCIFER
BABY
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INFERNO CHARACTERS
THE THRONE DEMON THE HERETICS THE ARCH DEMON
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The objective of Dante's (imagined) journey
through Hell, accompanied by the poet
Virgil, is to understand and reject human
vice in order to get closer to God. The
narrative is quite metaphorical. Dante learns
about the ways that transgression alters
and endangers whom a person is created to
be as he observes the physical torment that
the sinners endure and runs into numerous
demons that inhabit Hell.
6
•“
THE LAYERS
OF DANTE’S
INFERNO
•”
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FIRST LAYER: LIMBO
• Limbo is the first circle of Hell in Dante's Inferno and the
largest of the nine circles. Here reside the souls of
virtuous pagans, who lived without sin but never knew of
God or Christ. Limbo in Dante's Inferno includes
individuals who died before the first coming of Christ or
those born after Christ but died without having been
baptized. These souls are not in a state of torment, for
they were not sinners during life, but their spiritual
condition in the eyes of God forbids them from ever
entering Heaven.
SECOND LAYER: LUSTFUL
• In Dante's Inferno, the lustful are punished, in the
second level of hell, by being cast into a perpetual
storm that is emblematic of the nature of lust itself:
always raging, never satisfied. The fate of Paolo
and Francesca, specifically, could be seen as both a
punishment and a reward, depending on the types
of arguments one chooses to focus on.
THIRD LAYER: GLUTTONY
• In Dante's Inferno, gluttony is the Third Circle
of Hell. Gluttony is also one of the seven
deadly sins; the other six are Pride, Greed,
Lust, Envy, Wrath, and Sloth. It is considered
one of the lesser sins, along with lust; while
pride is seen as the worst. The Latin roots of
gluttony, gluttire, mean "to gulp down or
swallow"
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FOURTH LAYER: GREED
• The person who condemns the sin of greed is
explicitly punished in the fourth circle of Hell.
• They use great weights as a weapon and force it
with their chests which symbolize their selfishness
during their lifetime.
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FIFTH LAYER: WRATH
• The fifth circle of Hell is present in the stinking decaying of the
Styx River.
In this circle the souls who live their entire life wrathfully.
According to the poem, Dante along with Virgil searches for the
souls to fight each other furiously on the surface of the Styx
River. Depending on the security of their wrathful actions, they
siinto in the river water. Not to mention it reflects the type of sins
they committed in their life. However, people who indulged in the
silence saw a lie just below the surface.
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SIXTH LAYER: HERESY
• The sixth circle of Hell marks the beginning of lower Hell. They
torture souls in successive processes, who committed heinous
crimes.
However, the circle punishes souls in a severely tortured climate.
They trapped the souls of people, who denied the cores of
Christianity in flaming hot tombs. Here Dante saw other notable
historical figures including the ancient Greek philosopher
Epicurus, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and Pope
Anastasius II.
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SEVENTH LAYER: VIOLENCE
• Consequently, the souls of people who indulge in
violence are punished and tortured in the seventh circle
of Hell.
Dante further divided this circle into three rings. They
send souls to suffer in the circles depending on the severity
of their violence. If the guilty try to rise out of the blood
more than they are limited to, Centaur, who is guarding
them will shoot them.
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EIGHT LAYER:
• The eighth circleFRAUDULENT
of Hell is Mailbuch, meaning evil ditches.
Dante divided this circle into ten trenches or Bolgia.
• Bolgia 1
In the first Bolgia, demons torture panderers or sex workers and
seducers. Demons whipped them for eternity. They exploited
others by seducing them to fulfil their interests. However, in the
group of panderers, the poets notice Venedico Caccianemico, a
Bolognese Guelph who sold his sister Ghisola to the Marchese
D’Este.
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• Bolgia 2
Now, in the second Bolgia, demons tortured flatters who exaggeratedly
complimented others to gain their attention and corrupt them.
• Bolgia 3
However, in the third Bolgia, simoniacs who sold the church’s roles and
offices were punished. Further, in the poem, Dante sees pope Nicholas III
as being a corrupt pope.
• Bolgia 4
Now, in the fourth Bolgia, demons tormented sorcerers such as diviners,
fortune tellers, astrologers and other false prophets. Consequently, the
fortune-teller had their heads twisted backwards as they wanted to see the
future using black magic. They desire to see what light ahead caused their
damnation. They bound the sinners to walk back and their tears blinded
them for eternity.
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• Bolgia 5
However, in the fifth Bolgia, demons tormented politicians who sold their
public offices for money. Demons dunk them in Boeing pitch for indulging in
corruption and betraying their country. Further, in the poem, Dante mentions a
Claude demon called Malibranch who would tear them apart if they tried to
come above the surface of the pitch.
• Bolgia 6
Now, in the sixth Bolgia, Dante saw all the hypocrites, who built false statistics
in society. Demons force them to climb a mountain with heavily leaden robes
which would weigh them down.
• Bolgia 7
However, in the seventh Bolgia, Dante saw daemons punishing and tormenting
all the thieves in a vast pit filled with snakes, lizards and other reptiles which
would bite them. They curl around their hands, legs, back and neck.
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• Bolgia 8
Now, in the eighth Bolgia, Dante saw the councillors of deception
and fraud. Flames cover the fraudulent advisors and evil
councillors individually. Consequently, they punished them for
their false advisory and pieces of advice to conduct fraud or scam.
• Bolgia 9
However, in the ninth Bolgia, Dante saw people who separated
religion to form their faith. Demons mutilate them for their sins for
eternity.
• Bolgia 10
Now, in the tenth Bolgia, they tortured the falsifiers. They
subjected Alchemists, counterfeits, impersonators, perjuries and
others to terrible diseases, filth, thirst, disguising outer, screaming
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NINTH LAYER:
TREACHEROUS
• Dante mentioned the last Ninth Circle of Hell as “Coccidius”
which is a frozen lake. It also has the centre of Hell where Satan
resides. There they freeze the souls in the death of the lake
depending on the type and severity of their sins. Meanwhile,
they buried souls deeper who committed a more severe crime or
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• Dante further divided the ninth circle of Hell into 4 Rounds
according to the seriousness of the sin.
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4 CIRCLES OF THE NINTH LAYER
• First Round of the ninth circle of Hell: Caina
Dante named the first round of the ninth circle Caina, after Kane
who murdered his brother Abel.
• Second Round of the ninth circle of Hell: Antenora
Dante named the second round of the ninth circle Antenora, after
Antoner.
• Third Round of the ninth circle of Hell: Ptolomea
Dante named the third round of the ninth circle Ptolomea after
Ptolemy.
• Fourth Round of the ninth circle of Hell: Judecca
Dante named the fourth circle of Hell Judecca named after Judas
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