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Lesson 16

The document discusses covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Lewis structures represent covalent bonds using dots and lines to show valence electrons and how they are shared. The document also discusses electronegativity and how it determines the polarity of covalent bonds. Bonds between atoms with similar electronegativity are nonpolar, while bonds between atoms with different electronegativity are polar. Resonance structures are also discussed, which are alternative Lewis structures that more accurately depict molecules where one structure is insufficient.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views37 pages

Lesson 16

The document discusses covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Lewis structures represent covalent bonds using dots and lines to show valence electrons and how they are shared. The document also discusses electronegativity and how it determines the polarity of covalent bonds. Bonds between atoms with similar electronegativity are nonpolar, while bonds between atoms with different electronegativity are polar. Resonance structures are also discussed, which are alternative Lewis structures that more accurately depict molecules where one structure is insufficient.

Uploaded by

Mary Rose Aguila
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Covalent Bonds and Lewis

Structures
FORMATION OF THE COVALENT
BOND
• It was Gilbert Lewis who suggested that the chemical bond is
formed by sharing of electrons in atoms. For the hydrogen
molecule, this is depicted by

• The two electrons are shared equally between the two


atoms forming a covalent bond. The bond is typically
depicted by a single line, H - H. The electrons are attracted to
the nuclei of both atoms keeping the atoms together to form
a molecule.
FORMATION OF THE COVALENT
BOND
FORMATION OF THE COVALENT
BOND
• The representation of the covalent
compound is called the Lewis structure. In
the Lewis structure, shared electrons that
form a bond is represented by a line or a
pair of dots; lone pairs are represented by
dots above the atom. Only valence
electrons are included in Lewis structures.
FORMATION OF THE COVALENT
BOND

From the Lewis structure of F2, how many electrons are


How many
around eachbond
lone pairs
pairs
fluorine arethere
are
atom there
in F2?ininthe
theF2
F2molecule?
molecule?
Exercises
• Draw the Lewis structure for H2O, CH4 (methane), and for NH3.
• Which of the three molecules has the largest number of bond pairs
(covalent bonds)?
• Draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide, CO2.
• Draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide, N2.

The examples of CO and N show that there are different types of covalent bonds
2 2

that are formed. Single bonds are formed when two atoms are held together by
one pair of electrons. Multiple bonds can be formed. A double bond is from the
sharing of two pairs of electrons such as in the case of O and C in CO . A triple
2

bond exists in N where the two N atoms are held by three pairs of electrons.
2
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Consider the covalent bond in the molecule

• Experimental evidence has shown that electrons are not equally shared
between H and F; the electrons spend more time near F rather than H.
Therefore the electron density is shifted more towards F rather than H. This
leaves the F end of the molecule partially negative, δ - , and the H end of the
molecule partially positive, δ+. Such a bond is referred to as a polar covalent
bond. The polar covalent bond is somewhere between a purely covalent
(nonpolar) bond and an ionic bond (where there is almost complete transfer
of electrons).
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• A property that distinguishes the polarity of bonds is
electronegativity, the tendency of an atom in a chemical bond to
attract electrons toward itself.
• Electronegativity is a theoretical concept and devised as a relative
scale. That is, it can be estimated relative to, or in comparison to,
other elements in chemical bonds.
• Linus Pauling developed a relative scale of electronegativities which is
widely used in General Chemistry textbooks. In contrast, ionization
energies and electron affinities are physically measurable properties
of elements.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• In general, electronegativity increases from left to right
across a period. It increases as atomic radius decreases.
• The most electronegative elements are those in the upper
right hand side of the periodic table with fluorine as the
most electronegative.
• Metals especially the ones with large atomic radii are the
least electronegative.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
a. Draw a skeletal structure of the molecule putting bonded atoms next
to each other. In general, the least electronegative atom occupies the
central position. H and F usually occupy terminal (end) positions.
b. Count the total number of valence electrons from all the atoms in the
structure. Add electrons corresponding to the charge for negative
ions; subtract electrons corresponding to the charge for positive ions.
c. Distribute the valence electrons to the non-central atoms such that
these atoms fulfill the octet rule. Remaining electrons are assigned to
the central atom. Remember that bonds are equivalent to 2 electrons.
d. If the valence electrons are not enough, multiple bonds may be
formed.
EXERCISES
• Write the Lewis structure for NCl3.

• Write the Lewis structure of OCS.

• Write the Lewis structure of CN–.


EXERCISES
Write the Lewis structure of the following molecules:
a. Ethylene, C2H4
b. Acetylene, C2H2
c. Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4
d. COBr2
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• The difference in the electronegativity values (ΔEN) of
two bonded atoms determines the percent ionic
character of the bond.
• If the bond is between two identical elements, for
example F—F, then the bond is purely covalent with 0
percent ionic character. The difference in
electronegativity is 0.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• For the molecule H—Cl, the difference in electronegativity is
0.9 showing that the bond is a polar covalent bond. A 50%
ionic character corresponds to ΔEN=1.7.
• When ΔEN ≥ 2.0, the bond is predominantly ionic.
• Even without electronegativity values, it is possible to predict
the polarity of a bond by examining the position of the
bonded elements in the periodic table.
Exercises
• Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or
covalent. Explain your answers.
A. The C-C bond in H3CCH3
B. The K-I bond in KI
C. The C-F bond in CF4
D. The N-H bond in NH3
• Arrange the flowing bonds according to increasing bond
polarity: Cs to F, Cl to Cl, Br to Cl, Si to C.
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE
• Write the Lewis structure for the ozone molecule, O3.
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE

• Note that the Lewis structure above has one double bond between
oxygen atoms and one single bond also with oxygen atoms. The
double bonds are expected to be shorter than a single bond.
• When measuring the bond lengths, we expect two values: one for the
shorter double bond and one for the longer single bond.
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE
• However, experimental results show that there is only one bond
length obtained for ozone. The bond length is between that of a single
bond and a double bond. This means the above Lewis structure is not
an accurate representation of ozone. In fact, we are unable to write
the accurate representation using either the first or second Lewis
structure shown above.
• To resolve this discrepancy, we represent the ozone molecule using
the two structures presented as follows:
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE

• Each of the above structures is called a resonance structure.


The double sided arrow shows that the structures are
resonance structures. A resonance structure is one of two or
more Lewis structures for a molecule that cannot be
represented accurately by only one Lewis structure.
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE
• Draw the resonance structures for the carbonate ion, CO32–. Practice
with this ion. The correct resonance structures are:
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND
RESONANCE
• How many resonance structures will the
NO3– have? Draw them.
QUIZ
• 1. Which element will have 5 electrons in its Lewis dot
symbol?
• a. Argon
• b. Boron
• c. Carbon
• d. Phosphorus
• e. Sulfur
QUIZ
• 2. Which of the following elements can only form one bond
in a Lewis structure?
• a. O
• b. C
• c. N
• d. Al
• e. H
QUIZ
• 3. Write the correct Lewis dot structure for O2. Which
statement correctly describes the structure of the whole
molecule?
• a. There is a double bond and four lone pairs.
• b. There is a double bond and six lone pairs.
• c. There is a single bond and four lone pairs.
• d. There is a single bond and six lone pairs.
• e. There is a single bond, a double bond, and six lone pairs.
QUIZ
• 4. The electron pair in a C - F bond could be considered…
• a. Closer to C because Carbon has a larger radius and thus exerts
greater control over the shared electron pair
• b. Closer to F because Fluorine has a higher electronegativity than
Carbon
• c. Closer to C because Carbon has a lower electronegativity than
Fluorine
• d. An inadequate model since the bond is ionic
• e. Centrally located directly between the C and F
QUIZ
• 5. Considering the position of the elements in the periodic
table and their relative electronegativities and bond
polarities, which bond is longest?
• a. carbon - Oxygen triple bond
• b. carbon - Oxygen single bond
• c. carbon - Carbon single bond
• d. carbon - Carbon double bond
• e. carbon - Nitrogen triple bond
QUIZ
• 6. Which bond is the strongest?
• a. carbon - Nitrogen triple bond
• b. carbon - Nitrogen double bond
• c. carbon - Hydrogen bond
• d. carbon - Carbon triple bond
• e. carbon - Carbon single bond
QUIZ
• 7. Predict qualitatively the relative bond lengths of the four single
bonds given below and arrange them from shortest to longest:
C-N N-O N-Si O-O
• a. O-O < N-SI < C-N < N-O
• b. O-O < N-O < C-N < N-Si
• c. O-O < C-N < N-O < N-Si
• d. N-O < O-O < C-N < N-Si
• e. N-Si < C-N < N-O < O-O
QUIZ
• 8. Which of the following represents a non-polar
covalent bond?
• a. H-O
• b. C-N
• c. C-C
• d. Li-F
• e. S-O
QUIZ
• 9. Based on electronegativities, which of the following would
you expect to be most ionic?
• a. N2
• b. CaF2
• c. CO2
• d. CH4
• e. CF4
QUIZ
• 10. Which element is the least electronegative?
• a. Calcium
• b. Cesium
• c. Iron
• d. Barium
• e. Potassium
QUIZ
• 11. Which of the following statements about resonance is true?
• Resonance hybrids occur because a compound changes back and forth between two or
more resonance structures.
• I. Resonance structures differ in the arrangement of electrons but not in the arrangement
of atoms.
• II. Resonance hybrids contain delocalized electrons.
• III. Resonance structures for a given compound always contribute equally to the resonance
hybrid.
• IV. Resonance structures occur when there are two or more valid Lewis structures for a
given compound.
• V. Resonance hybrids are a composite of resonance structures.
• a. I, II, V, VI b. I, II, V, VI c. II, III, IV, VI d. II, III, V, VI e. II, IV, V, VI
QUIZ
• 12. How many resonance forms will nitrate ion (NO3-) have?
• a. -1
• b. 0
• c. 1
• d. 2
• e. 3
QUIZ
• 13. A list of non-metals is given below. Which elements cannot exceed
the octet rule?
B Si N P O S F Cl
• a. Si, P, S, Cl
• b. B, N, O, F
• c. O, S, F, Cl
• d. B, Si, N, P
• e. All eight elements can exceed the octet rule.
QUIZ
• 14.Write the singly bonded Lewis dot structure for BF3.
Which of the following statements best describes this
structure?
• a. It obeys the octet rule on all atoms.
• b. It has less than an octet on at least one atom.
• c. It has a lone pair of electrons on the boron atom.
• d. It has less than an octet of electrons on all atoms.
• e. It exceeds the octet rule.
QUIZ
•15. Write the Lewis Dot structure of
PCl5.

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