“BASIC TRAINING FOR STP OPERATORS”
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
(STP)
_________________________________________
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
STP PROCESS FLOW, THEORY AND DESIGN
Conducted by:
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
PART I
OBJECTIVE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
DEFINITION OF SBR
FUNCTION OF EACH TREATMENT FACILITY
PART II
ROLE AND WORK OF STP OPERATORS
SAFETY
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
OBJECTIVE OF STP
TO MEET DENR or LLDA STANDARDS AT
ALL TIME –
Further Elaboration:
To produce effluent water with
quality that can be discharged
to our environment without
harming the quality of
receiving water such as rivers
and streams.
Image of LLDA Governing Bodies of Water
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• A PROCESS OF ELIMINATING CONTAMINANTS
PRESENT IN THE WASTEWATER PRIOR TO ITS
DISCHARGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OR TO COMPLY
WITH A STANDARD SET FOR A SPECIFIC USE (E.G.
RECYCLING FOR GARDEN USE, FLUSHING,
EQUIPMENT WASHING, HANDWASHING, BATHING,
OR DRINKING)
WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?
• RA 9275 – PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
“DISCHARGING, DEPOSITING OR CAUSING TO BE DEPOSITED
MATERIAL OF ANY KIND DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INTO THE
WATER BODIES OR ALONG THE MARGINS OF ANY SURFACE WATER,
WHERE, THE SAME SHALL BE LIABLE TO BE WASHED INTO SUCH
SURFACE WATER, EITHER BY TIDE ACTION OR BY STORM, FLOODS
OR OTHERWISE, WHICH COULD CAUSE WATER POLLUTION OR
IMPEDE NATURAL FLOW IN THE WATER BODY;” IS PROHIBITED.
(RA 9275, CHAPTER 5 SECTION 7A)
WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?
• DAO 2016 – 08 : WATER QUALITY AND GENERAL
EFFLUENT GUIDELINES OF 2016 (IN ADDITION TO
DAO 34 AND 35)
“NO PERSON SHALL DISCHARGE, WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY,
UNTREATED OR INADEQUATELY TREATED EFFLUENT DIRECTLY
INTO A RECEIVING WATER BODY OR LAND OR THROUGH BYPASS
CANALS AND/OR PUMPS, AND OTHER UNAUTHORIZED MEANS.”
(UPDATED DAO 2021-19)
DENR/LLDA REQUIREMENTS
Parameters Units DAO 35 DAO 2016 - DAO 2021-19
08
Limits
BOD mg/L 50 50 50
Coliform
Fecal MPN/100 ml None ≤ 400 ≤ 400
Total ≤ 10000 ≤ 10000 ≤ 10000
NH3 as N mg/L None 0.5 4
NO3 as N mg/L None 14 14
PO3 as P mg/L None 1 4
Oil & Grease mg/L 5 5 5
Surfactants mg/L 7 15 15
Tabulated standard Parameters for Class C
Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR)
What is an SBR ?
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) or Sequential Batch
Reactors are a type of activated sludge process for the
treatment of wastewater. The technology used by SBR is phase
separation that is gravity setting method. SBR reactors treat
wastewater such as sewage (industrial or commercial) or output
from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment
facilities in batches. Oxygen is bubbled through the mixture of
wastewater and activated sludge to reduce the organic matter
present in waste water. The treated effluent may be suitable for
discharge to surface waters or possibly for use on land or in
recycling facility.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR SYSTEM
Air Chlorine
Raw Chlorine Treated
Equalization SBR water for
Wastewater Tank Contact
Tank discharge
to drainage
Aerobic Stabilized sludge,
Digester hauled and disposed
offsite
Air
SBR MODE OF OPERATION
Image Taken From: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/SBR-operation-for-each-tank-in-a-single-cycle-with-the-five-distinct-periods-of-Filling_fig1_332277517
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
SCREEN CHAMBER
(SOLIDS REMOVAL)
• SCREENING IS DONE
TO REMOVE SOLIDS
(CLOTH, FOOD
PARTICLES, FECAL
MATTER, PLASTICS,
ETC.) THAT COULD
POTENTIALLY AFFECT
THE EFFICIENCY OF
THE TREATMENT
PROCESS (E.G. CLOG
UP PUMPS, PIPES)
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
EQUALIZATION
(EQT)
• NEUTRALIZATION
AND STABILIZATION
OF WASTEWATER
• PH ADJUSTMENT AND
PRE-AERATION
• AVOID SHOCK
LOADING DUE TO
FLOW FLUCTUATION
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR
(SBR)
• MAIN TREATMENT
PROCESS
• USES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE TO REMOVE
BASIC CYCLE:
THE POLLUTANTS FILL
PRESENT IN THE REACT (AERATION)
WASTEWATER
SETTLE / CLARIFICATION
DECANT
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
ANOXIC PHASE
(ANAEROBIC)
• NO OXYGEN
INVOLVED
• REDUCTION OF
NITRATES AND STEP 1:
NITRIFYING
PHOSPHATES IN NITRIFICATION NH3-N BACTERIA
NO3 + H2O
THE WASTEWATER
DENITRIFYING
NO3 N2 GAS
STEP 2: BACTERIA
DENITRIFICATION
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
AERATION PHASE
(AEROBIC)
• HEART OF THE STP
• WITH OXYGEN
• REDUCTION OF BOD5,
COD, AMMONIA (NH3-
N), PHOSPHATES
(PO4), OIL AND
GREASE,
SURFACTANTS
BIOCHEMICAL REACTION IN
SEWAGE/WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
OXIDATION AND SYNTHESIS
COHNS + O2 + nutrients CO2 + NH3 + C5H7NO2 + other end
products
ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5 CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 +
energy
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
SETTLING PHASE
(CLARIFICATION)
• ACTIVATED SLUDGE
MASS (SOLIDS)
SUSPENDED IN THE
AERATED
WASTEWATER IS
ALLOWED TO SETTLE
AT THE BOTTOM OF
THE TANK.
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
SETTLING
PHASE
(CLARIFICATION)
• REDUCTION OF
TOTAL
SUSPENDED
SOLIDS
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
SETTLING PHASE
(CLARIFICATION)
• SETTLED ACTIVATED
SLUDGE IS MEASURED
/ MONITORED WHILE
THE CLEAR WATER IS OPTIMUM VOLUME OF
TRANSFERRED TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE MASS IN THE
THE CHLORINATION AERATION SYSTEM IS 30-40%.
TANK FOR IF ACTIVATED SLUDGE VOLUME
DISINFECTION. EXCEEDS 40%, THERE IS A NEED TO
CONTROL THE VOLUME BY USING THE
AEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTER.
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
CHLORINATION
(DISINFECTION)
• CLEAR SUPERNATANT
WATER IS
DISINFECTED
(REMOVAL OF
COLIFORMS) VIA
ADDITION OF
CHLORINE SOLUTION.
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
MULTIMEDIA
FILTRATION
(TERTIARY TREATMENT)
• TREATED WATER IS
PASSED THRU A
MULTIMEDIA FILTER TO
IMPROVE COLOR AND
REMOVE REMAINING
IMPURITIES SUCH AS
TSS, PHOSPHATES, ETC.
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS
AEROBIC SLUDGE
DIGESTION
(SLUDGE MANAGEMENT)
• EXCESS SLUDGE IS
SUBJECTED TO
EXTENDED AERATION
WHERE IT IS
CONVERTED INTO
STABLE SOLIDS
READY FOR DISPOSAL.
FACTORS AFFECTING SBR TREATMENT
PROCESS
1. FOOD SUPPLY
Refers to the Amount of Food that is Measured in Terms of BOD.
2. NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY
Every 100 Kg of BOD Removed Requires Approximately 5 Kg Nitrogen and 1 Kg Phosphorus.
3. TEMPERATURE
The efficiency of Treatment depends on Temperature. The desired temp is ambient temp.
4. pH
Most Microorganisms cannot Tolerate pH Below 4 and Above 9.0. Optimum Microorganism Growth
Is at pH 6.5-8.5.
5. TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Includes Heavy Metals, Cyanides, Pesticides, and Disinfectants that Destroy or Inhibit Biological
Chemicals harming
microorganisms in the reactor
CHEMICALS
MURIATIC ACID/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CAUSTIC SODA
CHLORINE
OTHER SUBSTANCES
EXCESSIVE FATS, OIL and GREASE
(FOG)
CHEMICALS from SALONS
PAINTS
CHEMICALS from PHOTO SHOPS
SOLID WASTES like MEAT PRODUCTS
PART
II OF STP
ROLE
OPERATORS
LIFT STATION
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. INSPECT LIFT STATION DAILY.
2. CHECK THE PH OF WATER.
3. REMOVE ALL SOLID MATERIALS
THAT HAVE ACCUMULATED DAILY.
4. INSPECT AND CLEAN FLOAT AND
LEVEL SENSORS AT LEAST ONCE A
MONTH OR WHEN IT DOES NOT
DETECT AUTOMATICALLY.
5. CHECK FOR ANY TRIP OR FAILURE
IN THE CONTROL PANEL.
6. CONDUCT QUARTERLY CLEANING
OF THE LIFT STATION TO PREVENT
EQUIPMENT FROM CLOGGING.
BAR SCREEN
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. INSPECT BAR SCREEN DAILY.
2. REMOVE ALL SCREENED
MATERIALS THAT HAVE
ACCUMULATED DAILY.
3. PLACE ALL SCREENED
INSIDE WASTE PLASTIC BAG.
GREASE TRAP
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. INSPECT GREASE TRAP DAILY.
2. REMOVE ALL FLOATING FOG,
PLASTIC, ETC. THAT HAVE
ACCUMULATED DAILY.
3. PLACE ALL FOG INSIDE
PLASTIC BAGS AND DISPOSED
OFFSITE.
EQUALIZATION TANK
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. CHECK AND REMOVE ALL FOGS
AND FLOATING SOLIDS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE TANK
2. PLACE ALL FOG INSIDE PLASTIC
BAGS AND DISPOSE OFFSITE.
3. CHECK OPERATION DAILY AND
CONDUCT QUARTERLY CLEANING
OF TRANSFER PUMPS
AIR BLOWERS
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. CHECK FOR ANY ABNORMAL
SOUND OF THE BLOWER DAILY.
2. CHECK OIL LEVEL DAILY
3. CHECK V-BELT TENSION
WEEKLY. REPLACE THE BELT
ONCE A YEAR.
4. ADD LUBRICANTS AT LEAST
ONCE EVERY 6 MONTH OR
WHEN NEEDED.
SBR REACTOR
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. COLOR OF SBR MUST BE LIGHT BROWN TO
DARK BROWN INDICATING GOOD BIOMASS
GROWTH.
2. CHECK FOR ANY FOAMING INSIDE THE SBR
AND REMOVE THE SCUM ON TOP OF IT DAILY.
3. CHECK THE SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX
(SVI)/SLUDGE LEVEL OF THE SBR.
4. CHECK THE D.O. OF WATER.
5. MAINTAIN THE SETTLEABLE SLUDGE VOLUME
BETWEEN 200 TO 300 ML / L.
6. REPORT TO PEI WHEN SBR CHANGES FROM
BROWN TO BLACK, POSSIBLY SBR HAS UPSET.
DECANTER
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
CLEAN THE SOLENOID VALVE
AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK
(TAKE EXTRA PRECAUTION
IN DISMANTLING THE
SOLENOID VALVE).
WAS PUMP
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. OPERATE WAS PUMP WHEN
SETTLEABLE SOLIDS EXCEED 300
ML. OPERATE IT 10 MINS PER DAY
OF PUMPING ONLY.
2. CHECK SETTLEABLE SOLIDS
USING THE GRADUATED
CYLINDER DAILY, IF POSSIBLE.
3. CHECK AND REMOVE DIRT/SOLIDS
FOR ANY CLOGGING IN THE WAS
PUMP.
CONTACT TANK
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. INSPECT THE TANK IF THERE IS
CHLORINE SOLUTION AVAILABLE.
2. DO NOT OPERATE DOSING PUMP
WHEN THERE IS NO SUFFICIENT
CHLORINE SOLUTION
3. CLEAN SUCTION STRAINER
WEEKLY
4. CHECK SUCTION AND DISCHARGE
TUBING FOR ANY SIGNS OF
CRACKING, DISCOLORATION
CONTROL PANEL
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. REMOVE DUST PARTICLES FROM
CONTROL PANEL DAILY.
2. RETIGHTEN LOOSE TERMINALS AT
LEAST ONCE A MONTH.
3. CHECK FOR ANY TRIP OR FAILURE
LIGHTS AND CHECK THE RESPECTIVE
EQUIPMENT.
4. CONDUCT MEGGER TESTING AT
LEAST ONCE A YEAR TO DETERMINE
ALL CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARE IN GOOD
OPERATION.
RE-USE TANK
The function of
Maintenance/Operators
1. INSPECT THE TANK DAILY AND
CONDUCT QUARTERLY
CLEANING OF TANKS
2. CHECK REUSE WATER QUALITY
DAILY SUCH AS TSS, COLOR,
ODOR, ETC.
Process Monitoring Activities
The operator in-charge of the STP shall conduct the
following monitoring activities on a regular basis;
SLUDGE MONITORING/SETTLEABILITY TEST SLUDGE WASTING
IMPORTANT! THE FREQUENCY AND AMOUNT OF SLUDGE
THIS IS DONE DURING REACT PERIOD 15 MINUTES PRIOR TO WASTING IS DETERMINED BY PERFORMANCE
SETTLING PHASE.
REQUIREMENTS ( SLUDGE LEVEL, EFFLUENT
QUALITY).
USING A 1000 ML GRADUATED CYLINDER,
SLUDGE WASTING IS USUALLY DONE
TAKE SAMPLE OF MIXED LIQUOR AT THE SBR TANK AND
AUTOMATICALLY OR MANUALLY.
FILL THE 1000 ML GRADUATED CYLINDER UP TO 1000 ML
MARK.
A 10 MINUTES WASTING TIME IS
ALLOW TO SETTLE FOR 1 HR. RECOMMENDED PER DAY UNTIL DESIRED
RECORD SLUDGE LEVEL AFTER 30 MINUTES AND AFTER 1 SLUDGE LEVEL IS ACHIEVED.
HR.
MAINTAIN SLUDGE LEVEL AT 200 ML TO 300 ML.
Process Monitoring Activities
HOUSEKEEPING
Always CLEAN STP area!
REMOVE COBWEBS daily!
Always KEEP the area DRY
Report any equipment failure to supervisors
immediately!
Do not allow an unauthorized person to enter the STP
site!
SAFETY
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
or Operators Uniform
• Operators
Shirt
• Operators ID
• Pants
• Goggles
• Hard hat
• Safety Shoes
• Gloves
Safety Handling of Chemicals
- Review the Materials Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) of the specific
chemical use in the plant.
- Be aware of the hazard sign of the
chemical.
- Wear Proper PPE during handling
of the Chemicals.
- Wash the contacted area
immediately if spillage occurred.
SAFETY
Use Safety Belt / Harness when going
down the tank to avoid accidents!
PROPER WAY OF LIFTING
SERVICE PUMPS
PROPER WAY OF LIFTING SERVICE PUMPS
Use chain/rope in lifting pumps.
Use both hands in pulling chain/rope.
DO NOT PULL WIRE
to lift pump.
Sampling Procedure
• PREPARE 2-LITERS
PLASTIC BOTTLE,1 WIDE
MOUTH BOTTLE, 1
STERILIZED MICRO
BOTTLE
• WEAR GLOVES, GOGGLES
• TAKE SAMPLE FROM
EFFLUENT WET WELL
• PLACE IN THE SAMPLING
BOTTLES
• STORE IN ICE CHEST
• BRING TO THE
LABORATORY
Sampling Procedure
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Plastic Gallon:for physico-chemical parameters
(TSS, BOD, COD, Color)
Wide mouth bottle:for oil and grease
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Coliform Bottles:
without chlorination (L) & with chlorination (R)
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Properly Labeled, Signed & Sealed
Sampling Bottles
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
ICE CHEST with ICE
REGULATORY PERMIT AND
DOCUMENTATION
Documentation/Reporting by Pollution Control Officer
(PCO);
1. Discharge Permit (DP)- Yearly
2. Self Monitoring Report (SMR) - Quarterly
