Opening Prayer

Let us now pause for a moment and feel the presence of

God in our midst.
In the name of the Father …
Heavenly Father, we praise and thank you for the gift of
life, for all the blessings we receive everyday.
Thank you Lord for keeping us safe and healthy and
bringing us together in this class. We pray that You will
send forth the Holy Spirit to guide, enlighten and to
focus our attention to our discussion in order to
understand fully and learn the lesson well.
As we pray … Hail Mary … Holy Mary Mother of God …
In the name of the Father …
Good Day Everyone …
1
 Preliminary

• General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology and

Society
Module 1 – Introduction to Science, Technology and Society
Module 2 – Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Module 3 – Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society
Module 4 – Science & Technology and Nation Building
Module 5 – Science Education in the Philippines
Preliminary Examinations
 Course Title: Science Technology and Society

Date : September 8, 2022

Module 1 (continuation)

Content : Introduction of Science Technology & Society

Science, Technology and Society
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will
be able to:

1. define science, technology and other related general

concepts;
2. explain the scope/nature of the study of STS;
3. discuss the importance of STS in the modern society
especially in addressing an issue or problems which give
impact to the well being of humans today; and
4. identify some examples of notable human successes and
failures on the field of science and technology.
Science, Technology and Society (STS)
The intellectual roots of STS lie in the history,
philosophy, and social studies of science and
technology, an arena where often-controversial issues
and choices interface with values and influence public
policy.
STS prepares students to understand both the technical
and social dimensions of science and technology, helps
them become more thoughtful and better-informed
citizens of our high-tech society, and develops their
critical interdisciplinary thinking, research, and
communication skills.
Students flourish intellectually in an environment where
critical questioning is encouraged and opportunities for
research are abundant.  
 On a personal level, STS is…

Interdisciplinary education for life.

Relevant to every field of study.
A great major or double major or “the minor for all
majors”.
A way to improve your writing and communications
skills, problem-solving abilities, and ability to adapt
to changes in science and technology.
Attractive to potential employers.
Needed at all levels, in education, government, the
private sector, and internationally.
 STS is…

Interdisciplinary study of the interaction of

science and technology with society and
culture.
The realization that discoveries and
inventions are shaped by historical forces
and in turn influence values, aspirations,
events, and institutions, thus shaping the
course of history.
S and T in social and cultural context.
Both academic and activist.
 ACADEMIC STS
Scholarly Study of Science and Technology.
History, Philosophy, Sociology of S & T.
Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary.
Perennial and structural problems of history,
philosophy, and human nature.
Science dynamics
Technological dynamics
Informs activist STS issues.
 ACTIVIST STS
Gets involved in current issues.
Covers a broad social spectrum (not just academic).
Builds coalitions:
1. Awareness of a problem
2. Need to take responsibility
3. Draw on external expertise
4. Make decisions and take actions
(demonstrate, litigate, educate, legislate, etc.).
Strengths —relevance, empowerment, democratic.
Weaknesses — ad hoc, emotional, NIMBY.
Examples: nuclear power, toxic wastes, health care,
climate change action.
 Science is. . .
Natural knowledge
Natural philosophy
Natural history
Systematic inquiry into nature
A human cultural activity
A total societal enterprise
With vast social consequences
Organized, well-founded knowledge of nature and human
nature
“A sophisticated intellectual version of Esperanto or the
universal language that the heroes of the scientific
revolution imagined as an instrument of global
communication”
“The cutting edge of ignorance”
 How do we define science?
CONTENT Body of organized knowledge about nature
From Latin scientia - knowledge

METHOD Of obtaining that knowledge, experiment,

observation, hypothesis, theory, law

ATTITUDE Organized and systematic skepticism

GOALS Explanation, understanding, prediction, control

LANGUAGE Mathematics and technical vocabulary

TOOLS Uses Instruments and technologies

COMMUNITY Discipline, education, credentials,

careers, patrons, societies, “turf”

PROCESS Organized, but very diverse activity shaped by

social forces and historical changes
 In general:
Science is an organized, hierarchical activity that
investigates nature and human nature by experiment
and observation.
Its goals are explanation, understanding, prediction, and
control.
It tests its theories by logical, mathematical, and
technological means.
Science is shaped by social forces and historical changes.
While seeking objectivity, science also shapes culture.
 Technology
a. Artifacts or Hardware. Products fabricated by
humans to meet specific needs. Tools,
machines, implements.
b. Knowledge and Methods. A system of tacit and
explicit knowledge, techniques, and materials
utilized in using, making, or repairing a certain
kind of artifact.
c. A human cultural activity or profession. e.g.
military or civil engineers, crafters, machinists.
d. A total societal enterprise. e.g. “American
technological know-how.” R&D, invention,
patronage, mass production and mass
consumption.
 What is Technology?
A discourse or treatise on an art or arts;
The scientific study of the practical or industrial arts.
Techne (art, craft, skill), Logos (word).

Some other attempts at definitions:

• A system based on the application of knowledge, manifested in physical
objects and organizational forms, for the attainment of specific goals —
Volti
• Cumulative sum of means used to satisfy human needs and desires and to
solve specific problems —Markert
• The sum total of systems of machines and techniques that underlie a
civilization —Nye
• Not merely a system of machines with certain functions, but an expression
of a social world —Nye
• The production of superfluities – today as in the Paleolithic age —Ortega y
Gasset
• “The seeping false-hearted death” —DeLillo
 Importance:

• Science & Technology and knowledge are important in

modern contemporary society.
• It answers essential questions such as : How does
Science and Technology produce new products, new ways
of understanding, new ways of living and new
institutions? Why is new technology and knowledge so
fundamental to us in the ways through which we imagine
the future?
• The understanding of how social, cultural and material
elements influence the production of new practices, new
ways of understanding and new institutions is vital in our
understanding of contemporary postmodern society.
• Studies of technology and science provides students
with insight into how different processes of knowledge
are initiated and progressed, and how innovative
technological processes are developed, employed and
increase in importance.
• Studies of technology and science gives insight into the
understanding and knowledge of technology, science and
knowledge from the viewpoint of the humanities and the
social sciences.
• Throughout the course of study students will become
familiar with amendments of social and cultural analyses
of modern science and technology in interaction with
social, political, economical and cultural processes of
change.
 3 Leading Concerns of Citizens and
Governments Through Science & Technology:
1) Military Power
Military power may refer to: ... The armed forces of a nation,
a great power, in a military context.
For national security.
 3 Leading Concerns of Citizens and
Governments Through Science & Technology:
2) Economic Strength
The year 2020 began with the Philippine economy in a position of
strength. Real GDP (gross domestic product) growth had averaged at
above 6 percent over a 10-year period, or a 6.4 percent average from
2010 to 2019. ... At the same time, Philippine banks continue to be
sound, stable, and well-functioning based on all metrics.
 3 Leading Concerns of Citizens and
Governments Through Science & Technology:
3) Medical Well-being
A state of health, happiness and prosperity, which is affected by various
factors, including: a balanced diet, regular exercise, supportive
relationships, adequate financial resources, stimulating work, education
and leisure activity, health monitoring, preventive services (e.g.,
screening and vaccination), and risk .
The pre-university education system in the Philippines is the K to

12 Program (also known as K-12), which covers 13 years of

education from kindergarten to Grade 12. It was introduced over a

six-year period from 2011 to 2017, to bring the Philippines

education system in line with the rest of the world.

The traditional arts in the Philippines encompass folk architecture, maritime transport,

weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic

arts, ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional

culture.
The Philippines is a culture in which East meets West. The Filipino people have a

distinct Asian background, with a strong Western tradition. The modern Filipino

culture developed through influence from Chinease traders, Spanish conquistadors,

and American rulers.

One useful definition of civic engagement is the following: individual and collective

actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern. Civic

engagement can take many forms, from individual voluntarism to organizational

involvement to electoral participation.

These are five of the active development projects in the
Philippines:
•Renewable Energy Development
•Social Welfare Development and Reform Project
•Flood Funding in Metro Manila
•Philippine Rural Development Project
•Cebu Bus Rapid Transit Project
Health facilities in the Philippines include government hospitals, private hospitals

and primary health care facilities. Hospitals are classified based on ownership as

public or private hospitals. In the Philippines, around 40 percent of hospitals are

public (Department of Health, 2009).

In the Philippines alone, 70 million people live in substandard housing, and this is

projected to grow to 113 million people by 2030. Housing indicators are sliding

backwards; rapid urbanization is driving precarious construction in oftentimes

precarious locations.
Throughout the Philippines, urban public transport is dominated by road- based

modes such as jeepneys, Asian utility vehicles, taxis, tricycles, and pedicabs, some

of which provide door-to-door service. Many urban road networks are inadequate

and poorly maintained.

Employment Rate in Philippines averaged 91.46
percent from 1991 until 2022, reaching an all time
high of 95.41 percent in December of 2019 and a
record low of 82.40 percent in June of 2020.
The physical environment is where individuals live, learn, work, and play. People

interact with their physical environment through the air they breathe, water they

drink, houses they live in, and the transportation they access to travel to work and

school.
Communities that participate in sport and recreation
develop strong social bonds, are safer places and the
people who live in them are generally healthier and
happier than places where physical activity isn't a
priority. Sport and recreation builds stronger,
healthier, happier and safer communities.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
1) Landing on the Moon
The United States' Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on
the Moon, on 20 July 1969.
Neil Armstrong, Edwin Eugene Aldrin and Michael Collins
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
2) Polio Vaccine
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two
types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a
weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated
against polio.
 OTHER VACCINES
• Diphtheria, Tetanus (dirty wounds), and Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Vaccines
• Early symptoms of diphtheria are similar to those of a common cold.
They include sore throat, loss of appetite, and fever. As the disease
progresses, the most notable feature of diphtheria infection may
emerge: a thick gray substance called a pseudomembrane may
spread over the nasal tissues, tonsils, larynx, and/or pharynx.
• Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are a
number of rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective.
They can be used to prevent rabies before, and for a period of time
after, exposure to the rabies virus, which is commonly caused by a
dog bite or a bat bite. Doses are usually given by injection into the
skin or muscle.
• COVID-19 vaccine
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
3) Civilian Jet Aircraft Transportation
Concorde supersonic passenger transport, which first flew
in 1969 and entered commercial service in 1976.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
4) Discovery of DNA structure
In the medical field, DNA is used in diagnostics, new
vaccine development, and cancer therapy. It is now also
possible to determine predispositions to some diseases
by looking at genes.
A DNA paternity test is nearly 100% accurate at determining
whether a man is another person's biological father. DNA
tests can use cheek swabs or blood tests. You must
have the test done in a medical setting if you need
results for legal reasons. Prenatal paternity tests can
determine fatherhood during pregnancy.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
5) Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution,
is the set of research technology transfer initiatives
occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that
increased agricultural production in parts of the world,
beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
6) Antibiotics
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are medications
that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria.
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics originally obtained from
Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P.
rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are chemically
synthesised from naturally-produced penicillins.
Erythromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial
infections. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial
infections.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
7) Personal Computer
A personal computer is a multi-purpose computer whose
size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual
use. Personal computers are intended to be operated
directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or
technician.
 Some Human Successes in the Field of Science
and Technology:
8) Confirmation of the Big Bang Theory as the origin of the
universe.
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 1) Bhopal Gas Tragedy in India
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 2) Chernobel Nuclear Power Plant accident in Ukraine
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 3) Challenger Space-Shuttle Disasters
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 4) Pesticide DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 5) Ford Pinto defect in Design/Manufacturing
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:

• 6) Building Collapses and Airplane Crashes

 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 7) Environmental Degradation
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 8) Human Diseases caused by irresponsible Scientific
and Technological Practices.
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 8) Human Diseases caused by irresponsible Scientific
and Technological Practices.

Improper use of science and technology

Unethical practices in science and technology

Misuse of scientific knowledge

Scientific malpractice

Abuse use of technology

Negligent technicians

Criminal use of science

Dangerous technology
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 8) Human Diseases caused by irresponsible Scientific
and Technological Practices.

Improper use of science and

technology

Unethical practices in science

and technology

Misuse of scientific knowledge

Scientific malpractice

Abuse use of technology

Negligent technicians
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 8) Human Diseases caused by irresponsible Scientific
and Technological Practices.

Many computers have CRT or Cathode Ray Tube, monitors that give off

X-ray radiation that can affect your health, The computer radiation can

cause cancer, tumors, miscarriage and birth defects, headaches and

insomnia, You can avoid exposing yourself to this radiation by limiting

your time using the computer or by increasing your distance from the

computer.

The computers are made of heavy metals and dangerous chemicals, The
 Some Human Failures in the Field of Science
and Technology:
• 8) Human Diseases caused by irresponsible Scientific
and Technological Practices.
 Major Factors Behind the Increasing Concern on Science
& Technology:

1) World War II – Manhattan Project – raised the issue of

the social responsibility of scientists and engineers to a
new level of awareness.
The Manhattan Project was a research and development
undertaking during World War II that produced the first
nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with
the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.
 Major Factors Behind the Increasing Concern on Science
& Technology:
2) Development of the Hydrogen Bomb between 1945-1960
Ulam, and other American scientists developed the first
hydrogen bomb, which was tested at Enewetak atoll on
November 1, 1952. The U.S.S.R. first tested a hydrogen
bomb on August 12, 1953, followed by the United Kingdom
in May 1957, China (1967), and France (1968).
 Major Factors Behind the Increasing Concern on Science
& Technology:
3) Environmental Degradation in 1960s
In the 1960s, the US did not yet have strong air quality
standards, and the emissions of automobiles and
industries polluted the air, sometimes resulting in deadly
smog. ... Stamp Out Smog and other groups did more
than protest—they lobbied city and state officials.
 Guide Questions

What do you think is the relationship between science,

technology and society?
Cite examples of human failures brought by scientific or
technological advances in human lives.
Cite examples of notable human successes in the field
of science and technology.
Cite specific impact of technology on everyday life.
Cite challenges and drawbacks to the way humans live
due to scientific and technological progress.
 In the name of the Father …
We thank you Lord
for the knowledge we learned today.
Please help us to become worthy students
and apply this knowledge
in our daily life activities.
Glory be to the Father …
In the name of the Father …
Goodbye and God bless Everyone!
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