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Sheetal 202890 PPT Integral Equation and Calculus of Variations

This presentation discusses integral equations, calculus of variations, and the brachistochrone problem. It introduces functionals and concepts like extremals, Euler's equation, and the fundamental lemma of calculus of variations. The brachistochrone problem is defined as finding the curve between two points that allows a particle to slide from one point to the other in the shortest time. This problem is solved using the calculus of variations to derive the cycloid curve as the solution. Applications to problems in geometry, physics, and mechanics are also briefly mentioned.

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319 views13 pages

Sheetal 202890 PPT Integral Equation and Calculus of Variations

This presentation discusses integral equations, calculus of variations, and the brachistochrone problem. It introduces functionals and concepts like extremals, Euler's equation, and the fundamental lemma of calculus of variations. The brachistochrone problem is defined as finding the curve between two points that allows a particle to slide from one point to the other in the shortest time. This problem is solved using the calculus of variations to derive the cycloid curve as the solution. Applications to problems in geometry, physics, and mechanics are also briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

18 princy kaushik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation On Integral Equation And

Calculus Of Variations
Topic:
Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations,Branchistochrone problem,.

Objectives:
Concept of Calculus of variations
Functional
Maximum and Minimum value of functional
Definition of arc
Extremal
Euler’s equation
Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations
Branchistochrone problem
Concept of Calculus Variation

Tha calculus of variations concerns problem in which we will find the minima or
extrema of some quantity over a system that has functional dergree of freedom
Tha calculus of variations seeks to optimize a special class of function called
functionals.Its aim is to be explore method for finding maximum or minimum of a
functional defined over a class of functions
I[y]=∫aᵇ F(x,y,y’)dx
Where
I[y]. Is not a function of x.It is a function of y(x).It will change as tha
function y(x)is varied
Thus in calculus of variations we consider some quantity (i.e. arc lenth,surface
area,time of descent)that depends on entire curve
Some Basic Terms

Functional: Let A be a class of funtions.A correspondence between the functions of class


Aand the set of reals numbers i.e its input is vector and out is real.
A functional is denoted by capital letter Ior [J].If y(x) represent the function in the class
of functional J then we write J =J[y(x)]
Eg. Length of arc.
Continued

Euler’s equation:δF/δy-d/dx(δF/δy´⁾=0
Neccessary coditiona for the funtional I[y]=∫ᵅₙF(x y
y’)dx
Maximum and Minimum value of functionals:
A funtional J[y(x)]is said to have a maximum value on y=y₀(x) if the value of the funtional on
any curve close to y=y₀(x) is not greater than J[y₀(x)] i.e
J[y(x)]≤J[y₀(x)]∀y(x) close to y₀(x)
And minimum when
J[y(x)]=J[y₀(x)]∀curve y(x) close to y₀(x)
FUNDAMENTAL LEMMA OF THE CALCULUS
OF VARIATION

STATEMENT-If a funtion ∅(x) is continous on the closed lnterval [xo,x1] and if


∫x₀ˣ¹∅(x)h(x)dx =0. [1]
For an arbitrarty cts funution h(x) subject to some condition of general character then ∅(x)=0 on
[Xo,X1]
Genert character condition:
1. h(x)should be a first or higher order differentiable funtion.
2. h(x) should vanish at the end points i.e h(x₀)=h(x₁)=0, h(x)∈cⁿ
3. |h(x)|<∈ and |h’(x)|<∈
Proof- Assume ∅(x)#0 (say+ve)at a point x=x⁻ in x₀≤x≤x₁
4.
Continued

Since ∅(x) is cts and ∅(x)#0 it followes that ∅(x)maintain +ve sign on a certain neighbourhood (x ₀⁻≤x≤x ₁⁻)of the point
x⁻.Since h(x) is an arbitrary cts funtion .We might choose h(x)s.t h(x)remains +ve in x ₀⁻≤x≤x ₁⁻ but vanish outside this
interval Then from eqation(1)it followes that

∫x₀ˣ1∅(x)h(x)dx=∫ₓ₀ˣ ⃗₀∅(x)h(x)dx+∫ₓ₀⃗ˣ₁⁻∅(x)h(x)dx
+∫ₓ₁⁻ˣ¹∅(x)h(x)dx
=∫ˣ¹⁻ₓ₀⁻∅(⨯)h(x)dx >0
since product ∅(x)h(x) remain +ve everywhere in
[xo⁻,x1⁻] and vanish outside this interval
Which is contradiction
Hence ∅(x)=0∀x∈[xo,x1]
Brachistochon Problem

The Brachistochorn problem was passed by John Bernoulli in 1696 ,i which he


advansed the ptoblemof line of quickest desent. Tha name “Bachistochrone” is
derived from Greek word 'brachisto’ meaning shortest and’ chorn’ meaning time.
In this problem it is required to find the curve connecting two given point that
dose not lie on a vertical line ,such that a particle sliding down this curve under
gravity from starting point reaches end poit in shortest time. This depends upon
the choice of tte path and hence is a funtional. This curve s.t the particle takes
the last time to go from startig pt to end pt is called the brachistochrone.
Proof:

Take the fix pt A as origin and horizontal and


Vrtical of the other extremity B.
Let (h,k) be the co-ordinates of B.
Let the particlebis traversed from A to B
Along tha curve C. Let m be mass of tha particle.
Let velocity of the particle be v when tha particle is at the pt P(x,y)
on C and at A its velocity be 0.
Continued

 By the principle of work and energy.


 K.E at P-K.E at A=work done in moving particle from A to P
1/2mv^2 -1/2 m(0)^2=mgy. [mgh]
⇒v=√( 2gy) 1
Let Q(x+δx,y+δy) be a nbd pt on Cs.t PQ=δs
Δs=√( δx)²+(δy)²=√( 1+(δy/δx)²=√( 1+y´²)dx
time of descent from PtoQ=δs/v d=v*t
√( 1+y´²)dx/√( 2gy)=√( 1+y´²)dx/√( 2)√( y)
Total time of taken by the particle fromA(0⁽0)to B(h,k)is
t[y(x)]=1/√( 2)g∫₀h√( 1+y²)dx/√( y) 2 with y(0)=0 y( h)=k.
In order to find the the shortest time of dascent we have to minimize the funtional∫₀h √( 1+y’2)dx/√( y) subject to the fixed
boundries y(0)=0, y(h)=k.
Let F(x,y,y’²)/√( y)
Since the integrand is independent of x the Eulet︐s eqation reduses to F-y’δf/δy’=constant
√( 1-y’2)/√( y)√( 2g)—y´δ/δy´{1√( 1+y₂)/√( 2g) √( y)}=constant
1\√( y((1+y´²)=constant
COUNTIUED

OR y(1+y´²) =2b ,b constant


Let y´ =tan( ψ) then y=(1+sin²( ψ)/cos²( φ))=2b =y/cos²( φ) =2b
Y=2b cos²( φ) or y=b(1+cos2( φ)) and dy/dx =tan( φ) then dx =cotφdy
.dx=cot(φ)(-4bcos( φ)sin( φ) or cos(φ)/sin( φ)(-4cos( φ) sin( φ)) .
dx=-4cos²( φ) dφ or dx =-2(1+cos2( φ))
Integrating x=-b (2φ+sin2( φ)) + a
X=- a –b(2φ-sin2( φ))
thus the path is given by parametric eqation x=la-d(2φ –sin( φ))
y=b(1+cos(2 φ))
which id cycliod.
Some Applications

 Problem in geometry of fiding the shape of a soap bubble a surface that


minimize it’s surface area
 To fiding the cofiguration of a piece of elatic that minimizes it’s energy.
 In the principle of least action is now the standard eay to fomulate the law of
mechanics and basic physics
 Many more
Thanks
For
Attention
Keep smiling😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊

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