Animal-like
Protists
Nicole Danielle P. Mallari, RM, BSM
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Table of Contents.
01 - Dogs 02 - Cats 03 - Elephants
We will talk about this
We will talk about this first. second. Then, we will talk about this.
04 - Kangaroos 05 - Pandas 06 - Koalas
After that we will talk about We will also talk about this. And we will talk about this
this. last.
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Protozoan
01 Taxonomy
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Taxonomy
is the science of naming, describing
and classifying organisms and
includes all plants, animals and
microorganisms of the world.
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Protozoa are a diverse
assemblage with mixed
affinities.
a. They lack a cell wall.
b. They have at least
one motile stage in the
life cycle.
c. Most ingest their
food.
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Biological Contributions
1. Protozoa have intracellular
specialization or organization of
organelles in cells.
2. Cells may have distinct functions;
some colonial protozoa have separate
somatic and reproductive zooids.
3. Asexual reproduction occurs by
mitotic division.
4. Some have true sexual reproduction
with zygote formation.
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5. Responses to stimuli
represent the simplest reflexes
and inborn behaviors known.
6. Shelled protozoa have the
simplest exoskeletons.
7. Basic enzymes systems
support all types of nutrition:
autotrophic, saprozoic and
holozoic.
8. Many have developed means
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of locomotion
General Features
1. A protozoan is a complete organisms
in which all life activities are carried on
within the limits of a single plasma
membrane.
2. Phylogenetic studies show that
protozoa do not form a monophyletic
group.
3. Over 64,000 species are named; half
are fossils.
4. Although they are unicellular
organisms, protozoan cell organelles are
highly specialized.
5. They are ecological diverse, widely
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dispersed, but many are limited to narrow
environmental ranges.
6. They can be fantastically numerous,
forming gigantic ocean soil deposits.
7. About 10,000 are symbiotic in or on
animals or plants; some are human
disease agents.
8. Some are colonial with
multicellular stages but have
noncolonial forms.
9. Protozoa have only one non-
reproductive cell type and lack
embryonic development; embryonic
development is one of the criteria for
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metazoa.
Characteristics of Protozoan Phyla
1. They are unicellular with
some colonial and multicellular
stages.
2. Most are microscopic.
3. All symmetries are present
within members of the group.
4. No germ layers are present.
5. No organs or tissues are
formed, but specialized
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organelles serve many of these
6. They include free-living,
mutualistic, commensal and
parasitic forms.
7. They move by pseudopodia,
flagella, cilia and they can direct
cell movements.
8. Most are naked, but some
have a simple endoskeleton or
exoskeleton.
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9. All types of nutrition are
present: autotrophic,
heterotrophic and saprozoic.
10. They can be aquatic or
terrestrial.
11. Reproduction is asexual by
fission, budding or cysts; or
sexual by conjugation or syngamy
of gametes.
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Classification: Follows Hausmann and
Hulsmann (1996) and represents a major
departure from the Eleventh Edition:
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Retortamonada
Class Diplomonadea
Order Diplomonadida
Phylum Axostylata
Class Parabasalea
Order Trichomonadida
Phylum Euglenozoa
Subphylum Euglenida
Class Euglenoidea
Subphylum Kinetoplasta
Class Trypanosomatidea
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A More Conventional Classification
Presentation:
Phylum Apicomplexa (aka. Sporozoa
Class Gregarinea
Class Coccidea
Phylum Mastigophora (aka Flagellata
Dinoflagellata (Many times included
with the algal forms often called
Phytomastigophora as opposed to
the animal like forms called
Zoomastigophora(includesTrypanoso
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ma and Giardia
Members of Axostylata have a stiffening
rod composed of microtubules, the
Axostyle. (Figure 11.11)
Members of the Class Parabasalea have a
parabasal body, which is a Golgi
apparatus connected by a fiber to one of
the kinetosomes.
Although mitochondria are absent,
members of Order Trichomonadida
posses hydrogeneosomes which are
organelles analogous to mitochondria but
which produce molecular hydrogen when
oxygen is absent.
Trichomonas vaginalis infects the
urogenital tract of humans and is sexually
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transmitted.
Representative Types
Phyla Retortamonada and Axostylata
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Phyla Retortamonada and Axostylata
- Small groups but of importance to humans.
- May represent groups derived very early from an
ancestral eukaryote before mitochondria and plastids were
acquired by symbiogenesis.
- Mitochondrial enzymes have been reported in both
groups so their absence of mitochondria may be a
secondary derivation.
- Retortamonds lack both mitochondria and Golgi bodies
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(e.g., Giardia lamblia).
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Sarcomastigophora is a phylum of the kingdom Protista that
consists of a wide variety of unicellular and colonial
organisms. Members of this group move by means of one or
more flagella or pseudopods. However, some species have
been shown to alternate between amoeboid and flagellate
stages during the different stages of their life cycle.
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1. This includes two subgroups of protozoa that move by either
pseudopodia or flagella; however, some in each group use the
method found predominantly in the other group.
2. Subphylum Mastigophora: the Flagellated Protozoa
This is divided into class Phytomastiophorea with
chlorophyll and animal-like Zoomastigophorea without
chlorophyll.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
Phylum Sarcodina
Some are naked and some have shells
A. Radiolaria
B. Foraminifera
In some classifications these are placed in a subphylum
Actinopoda .
The other members of sarcodines are put in Rhizopoda
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Phylum Sarcodina
Some are naked and some have shells
A. Radiolaria
B. Foraminifera
In some classifications these are placed in a subphylum
Actinopoda .
The other members of sarcodines are put in Rhizopoda
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Subphylum Kinetoplasta
a. Zooflagellateslack chromoplasts and have
holozoic or saprozoic nutrition; most are
symbiotic.
b. Trypanosoma is an important genus of
protozoan parasites; some are not pathogenic.
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Subphylum Kinetoplasta
1) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense
cause African sleeping sickness in humans.
2) T. brucei brucei causes a related disease in domestic
animals.
3) These trypanosomas are transmitted by tsetse flies;
natural reservoirs include antelope and other wild
mammals.
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4) Half of the 10,000 new cases each year are fatal; the remainder
may suffer brain damage.
5) Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease in Central and South
America; this parasite is carried by a bug and causes nervous
system problems.
c. Leishmania species cause visceral diseases in humans; they are
transmitted by sand flies.
d. Various species of Trichomonas live in the cecum, colon, mouth
and urogenital tracts of humans.
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Subphylum Sarcodina
. a. Amoeba proteus in the superclass Rhizopoda is most commonly
studied.
b. They are freshwater but require a substratum on which to crawl.
c. The cell membrane encloses the ectoplasm and endoplasm.
d. The nucleus, contractile vacuole and vesicles can be seen by
microscope.
e. Ameba feed on algae, protozoa, rotifers, etc. by phagocytosis;
food vacuoles exist 15-30 hours.
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f. Reproduction is by binary fission using mitosis.
g. Other rhizopoda include the huge Chaos carolinense, Amoeba
radiosa with slender pseudopodia and entozoic ameba.
h. Entamoeba histolytica lives in the human large intestine and
attacks the intestinal wall with enzymes, causing severe and often
fatal diarrhea.
i. Entamoeba coli in the intestine and E. gingivalis in the mouth
are not disease agents.
j. Some rhizopods have a siliceous or chitinoid test for protection;
pseudopodia project from openings.
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k. Foraminiferans are shelled rhizopods found
mainly in oceans; some have complex haploid and
diploid cycles.
l. Slime molds in class Eumycetozoa live on forest
detritus; they stream together to form a
pseudoplasmodium with discrete cells or a
multinucleate plasmodium producing a fruiting
body.
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m. Radiolarians reproduce by binary fission,
budding and sporulation.
Role of Sarcodina in Building Earth Deposits
a. Hard shells of foraminiferans and radiolarians
have been preserved since Precambrian times.
b. Abundant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary
periods, some measured up to 100 mm in diameter!
c. One-third of the sea bottom ooze in the
Atlantic consists of Globigerina shells.
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d. Radiolarians have less soluble siliceous
shells and form the ooze in Pacific and Indian
oceans and fossil in Tertiary rocks of
California.
e. The White Cliffs of Dover are sedimentary
sarcodine deposits that were uplifted.
f. Their use as indicators of rock ages is
important to oil geologists.
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Pseudopodia
a.This is chief means of locomotion in Sarcodina, many flagellates
and ameboid cells of many invertebrates and vertebrates.
b. Lobopodia are large blunt extensions of the cell body
containing both endoplasm and ectoplasm.
c. In the limax form, the whole body moves rather than sending
out arms.
d. Filopodia are thin extensions containing only ectoplasm; these
are seen in class Filosea.
e. Reticulopodia repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh.
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f. Axopodia occur in Actinopoda.
1)Axial rods of microtubules support these
long thin pseudopodia.
2)They form a geometrical array, which is
the axonome of the axopod.
3)Addition and removal of microtubular
material extends and retracts the axopod.
4)Cytoplasm flows away from the body on
one side and toward the body on the other.
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Superclass Actinopoda
a. Actinopoda consist of the freshwater class Heliozoea and three
marine classes of radiolarians.
b. All have axopodia; and all, except Heliozoea, have tests.
c. Radiolarians are the oldest known protozoa; they are pelagic and
live in shallow water.
d. A central perforated capsule separates the inner and outer
cytoplasm.
e. The shell surface is fused with spines; cytoplasm around the
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capsule extends axopodia to catch prey.
Phylum Apicomplexa (Superphylum
Alveolata)
1. All are endoparasites; hosts are in many animal phyla.
2. An apical complex is a feature of this phylum; it is present
only in certain stages.
3. Rhoptries and micronemes help it penetrate the host’s
cells.
4. Pseudopodia occur in some stages; gametes may be
flagellated and contractile fibrils may form waves to propel
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it through liquid.
5. The life cycle usually includes both sexual and
asexual stages; an invertebrate may be an
intermediate host.
6. At some point, they form a spore (oocyst) that is
infective in the next host and protects the
sporozoan.
Class Sporozoea
a. Sporozoea is the most important class; it contains
three subclasses.
1) Gregarinia, or gregarines, are common parasites
of invertebrates but are of little economic import.
2) Piroplasmia includes some veterinary parasites:
Babesia bigemina causes Texas red-water fever in
cattle.
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3) Coccidia are important intracellular parasites in
both invertebrate and vertebrates.
b. Eimeria is a genus (along with Isospora)
that causes coccidiosis.
1) Isospora infections are mild unless the
immune system is weak, as in AIDS patients.
2) Eimeria tenela is often fatal to young
fowl.
3) Organisms undergo schizogony in
intestinal cells; the zygote forms an oocyst that
passes in the feces and releases eight
sporozoites when ingested by the next host.
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c. Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of cats.
1) Rodents, cattle, sheep, birds and humans can
ingest sporozoites.
2) They cross the intestine and asexually
reproduce in tissues.
3) As the host builds immunity, the zoites enclose
in tough tissue cysts called bradyzoites.
4) Up to half of the U.S. population carries tissue
cysts from eating undercooked meat.
5) Toxoplasmosis is a serious threat during
pregnancy; 2% of the cases of mental retardation
may be due to congenital toxoplasmosis.
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d. Plasmodium: The Malarial Organism
1) Malaria is the most important infectious
disease of humans.
2) Four species infect humans; each produces
different clinical symptoms.
3) Anopheles mosquitoes carry all forms; the
female injects the Plasmodium in her saliva.
4) Sporozoites penetrate liver cells and
initiate schizogony.
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