Lecture W3 CN Helping Notes - Network Models

This document provides an overview of computer networks and network reference models. It defines a network as connecting devices together to share information and services. It describes the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and the four-layer Department of Defense (DoD) model. Each layer of the OSI model is defined along with examples. The document concludes that while the DoD model is more practical, the OSI model is still the basis for most network terminology.

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Lecture W3 CN Helping Notes - Network Models

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Ali Hussain

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Computer Networks

Dr. Hamayun khan (PhD)

Superior University, Lahore
[email protected]
Outline
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 What is a Network?
 Network Reference Models
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
 The Upper Layers
 The Lower Layers
 OSI Model Example

 Department of Defense (DoD) Model

 Conclusion
 References
What is a Network?
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 Α NETWORK is simply defined as something that connects things together for a

specific purpose.
 The term network is used in a variety of contexts, including telephone, television,
computer, or even people networks.
 A COMPUTER NETWORK connects two or more devices together to share
information and services, including
 Websites
 Email and messaging
Network Reference Models
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 Internetwork
 Internetworking present challenges
 interoperating between products from different manufacturers requires consistent
standards

 The two most recognized network reference models are:

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
 The Department of Defense (DoD) model
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Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) Model
6 OSI Model
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Formalized in 1984
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OSI Model…

Easy to REMEMBER!
8 Upper Layers
 Also known as User Support Layers
 Manage application-level functions
 Implemented in Software
9 Application Layer
 Provides the interface between the user application and the network
 Examples of Application layer protocols
 FTP, via an FTP client
 HTTP, via a web browser
 POP3 and SMTP, via an email client
 Telnet
 Provides a variety of functions:
 Identifies communication partners
 Determines resource availability
 Synchronizes communication
10 Presentation Layer
 Controls the formatting and syntax of user data for the application layer
 Examples of Presentation layer formats
 Text - RTF, ASCII, EBCDIC
 Images - GIF, JPG, TIF
 Audio - MIDI, MP3, WAV
 Movies - MPEG, AVI, MOV
 Provides a variety of functions:
 Encryption, Decryption
 Compression, Decompression
11 Session Layer
 Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and ultimately terminating
sessions between devices
 Sessions communication falls under one of three categories:
 Full-Duplex – simultaneous two-way communication
 Half-Duplex – two-way communication, but not simultaneous
 Simplex – one-way communication
12 Lower Layers
 Control end-to-end transport of data between devices
 Implemented in Software & Hardware

 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer3 are also known as Network Support

Layers
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Transport Layer
 Responsible for the reliable transfer of data
 Transport layer communication falls under two categories:
 Connection-oriented – requires that a connection with specific agreed-upon
parameters be established before data is sent.
 Connectionless – requires no connection before data is sent.
 Transport layer protocols:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Network Layer
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 Controls internetwork communication, and has two key

responsibilities:
 Logical addressing – provides a unique address that identifies
both the host, and the network that host exists on.
 Routing – determines the best path to a particular destination
network, and then routes data accordingly.
 The most common Network layer protocol:
 Internet Protocol (IP)
15 Data-Link Layer

 Controls the signaling and transferring of raw bits onto the

physical medium
 The Physical layer provides specifications for a variety of
hardware
 Cabling
 Connectors and transceivers
 Network interface cards (NICs)
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OSI Model Example

18 Web Browser Example
 The web browser serves as the user interface for accessing a website. The web
browser invokes the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (Application Layer) to
interface with the remote web server, which is why http:// precedes every web
address.

 The Internet can provide data in a wide variety of formats, a function of the
Presentation layer. Common formats on the Internet include HTML, XML, PHP,
GIF, and JPEG.

 The Session layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating the
session between devices, and determining whether the communication is half-
duplex or full-duplex.
Web Browser Example…
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 HTTP utilizes the TCP Transport layer protocol to ensure the reliable delivery of
data.

 The best path to route the data between the client and the web server is
determined by IP, a Network layer protocol.

 Data cannot be sent directly to a logical address. As packets travel from network to
network, IP addresses are translated to hardware addresses, which are a function
of the Data-Link layer.

 The data is finally transferred onto the network medium at the Physical layer, in
the form of raw bits.
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