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Chapter 3 Powepoint

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

41 views31 pages

Chapter 3 Powepoint

Uploaded by

Eric Ogadaogutu

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CRIMINOLOGY

THEORIES, PATTERNS, AND TYPOLOGIES

Thirteenth Edition

Larry J. Siegel, Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies, 13th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
Chapter 3

VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

• Discuss the greatest problems faced by crime victims.

• Clarify the term cycle of violence.
• Analyze the victim’s role in the crime process.
• Assess the ecology of victimization risks.
• Describe the victim’s household.
• Categorize the most dominant victim characteristics.

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

• Explain the concept of repeat victimization.

• Compare and contrast the most important theories of
victimization.
• Assess programs dedicated to caring for the victim.
• Articulate why there is a need for victims’ rights.

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems of Crime Victims (1 of 4)

• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

estimates 20 million theft and violence victimizations
occur annually in the United States
• Economic Costs
• Taken together, property and productivity losses run in the hundreds
of billions of dollars
• Victims may suffer losses in earnings and occupational attainment

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems of Crime Victims (2 of 4)

• Individual Costs
• Vicarious Fear
• Suffering Stress
• Posttraumatic stress disorder:
A condition whose symptoms
include depression, anxiety, and
self-destructive behavior
• Adolescent Stress
• Relationship Stress
• Fear
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems of Crime Victims (3 of 4)

• The Cycle of Violence

• Both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent
behavior if they
• were the target of physical abuse
• were exposed to violent behavior among the adults they knew
• lived with or were exposed to weapons

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems of Crime Victims (4 of 4)

• Discussion Questions
• What can the criminal justice system do to end the cycle of
violence?
• What agency partnerships are necessary to combat the
cycle of violence?

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (1 of 8)

• The Social Ecology of Victimization

• Patterns of time and place of victimization
• Neighborhood characteristics and urban versus suburban
characteristics of victimization
• Crime in Schools
• Populated by high risk juvenile males

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (2 of 8)

• The Victim’s Household

• African American, urban,
and Western states'
homes are the most
vulnerable to crime

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (3 of 8)

• Victim Characteristics
• Gender
• Except for the crimes of rape and sexual assault, males are more
likely than females to be the victims of violent crime
• Females are more often victimized by someone they know, while
males are more often victimized by strangers

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (4 of 8)

• Victim Characteristics (continued)

• Age
• Younger people face a greater victimization risk than do older
people
• Victims of elder abuse are more susceptible to a narrow band of
crimes such as frauds and scams

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problems of Crime Victims

• Discussion Question: What do you think accounts for

this relationship between age and victimization?

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (5 of 8)

• Victim Characteristics (continued)

• Social Status
• The poorest Americans are the most likely victims of violent and
property crime; the wealthy are more likely to experience personal
theft
• Marital Status
• Never-married people are victimized more than married people;
widows and widowers have the lowest victimization risk

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (6 of 8)

• Victim Characteristics (continued)

• Race and Ethnicity
• African Americans are more likely than whites to be victims of
violence crime
• Serious violent crime rates have declined in recent years for both
blacks and whites

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (7 of 8)

• Victim Characteristics
(continued)
• Repeat Victimization
• Individuals who have been crime
victims have a significantly higher
chance of future victimization than
people who have not been victims
• Factors that predict chronic
victimization: target vulnerability,
target gratifiability, and target
antagonism
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nature of Victimization (8 of 8)

• Victims and Their Criminals

• Most crimes are committed by a single offender over age
twenty
• Crime tends to be intraracial
• Substance abuse is involved in about one-third of violent
crimes
• Relatives or acquaintances commit more than sixty percent
of violent crimes

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theories of Victimization (1 of 6)

• Victim Precipitation Theory

• Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that
eventually leads to their injury or death
• Active precipitation
• Passive precipitation
• Victim personality
• Victim disability

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theories of Victimization (2 of 6)

• Lifestyle Theory
• People may become crime victims
because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders
• College Lifestyle:
• Partying, taking recreational drugs
makes them victimization prone
• Criminal Lifestyle:
• A career as a criminal may predispose
one to be victimized
• Gang Lifestyle:
• Serious crime and delinquency

© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theories of Victimization (3 of 6)

• Deviant Place Theory

• The greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more
likely people will become victims of crime and violence
• Poor, densely populated, highly transient neighborhoods
• Commercial and residential buildings side-by-side

• Routine Activities Theory

• The volume and distribution of predatory crime are closely
related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the
routine activities of the typical American lifestyle
• The availability of suitable targets
• The absence of capable guardians
• The presence of motivated offenders

• Discussion Question: What things can make a target

“more suitable?”

• Routine Activities Theory (continued)

• Hot Spots
• A place where potentially motivated criminals congregate thereby
elevating the chances of victimization
• Routine Activities and Lifestyle
• A person’s living arrangements can affect victim risk and people
who live in unguarded areas are at the mercy of motivated
offenders

• The Government’s Response to Victimization

• President Reagan created a Task Force on Victims of Crime
in 1982, which recommended:
• Balancing victims’ rights with defendants’ due process
• Providing victims and witnesses with protection from intimidation
• Requiring restitution in criminal cases
• Developing guidelines for fair treatment of victims and witnesses
• Expanding victim compensation programs

• The Government’s Response

to Victimization (continued)
• Omnibus Victim and Witness
Protection Act
• Required the use of victim impact
statements at federal criminal
case sentencing, protection for
witnesses, stringent bail laws, and
restitution
• Estimated 2,000 victim-witness
assistance programs
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Caring for the Victim (3 of 7)

• The Government’s Response to Victimization (continued)

• Comprehensive Crime Control Act and Victims of Crime Act
(1984)
• Authorized federal funding for state victim compensation and
assistance projects
• Other government victim assistance programs: Victim
Compensation, Victims Advocates, helping child abuse victims,
Public Education, and Crisis Intervention

• Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs

• Use mediators to facilitate face-to-face encounters between
victims and their attackers
• Restitution agreements
• Victim Impact Statements
• Victims make an impact statement before the sentencing judge

• Community Organization
• Communities organize at the neighborhood level against
crime
• Block watches and neighborhood patrols are examples
• Little evidence of effectiveness, especially in lower-income,
high-crime areas

• Victims and Self-Protection

• Taking an active role in community protection and citizen
crime control groups
• Target hardening efforts
• Fighting Back
• Some victims fight back when criminals attack

• Victims’ Rights
• Every state now has a set of legal rights for crime victims
• Often called Victims’ Bill of Rights
• Generally include the right to:
• Be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
• To be preset at criminal justice proceedings
• To make a statement at sentencing and to receive restitution from a
convicted offender
• To be consulted before a case is dismissed or a plea bargain entered
© 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.