FLOW METERS:
ELECTROMAGNETIC
BY: JHUSTINE LOPEZ
TRANSMITTER
SENSOR
Image Source (Emerson Rosemount)
JGC Standard Practice
Selection and Design Criteria of Flow Instruments
(JGS 224-411-1-37E)
Image Source (Emerson Rosemount)
Measurement Principle
FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION
FOR MAG METERS Proportionality constant
Path Length
(Distance between electrodes)
𝐸=𝑘 𝐵 𝐿𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑔
Average velocity of the medium
Magnetic field density
(Coil Inductance)
Magnitude of the Induced Voltage
(Linear with velocity)
A Weakness
Noise (Interference Voltage)
• Fluid electrochemistry
• undesired electrolytic reactions
Actual EMF
may generate electric potential
• Flow induced voltage change
• Stray voltage from other equipment Noise
(i.e. upstream pumps)
• Plant induced noise
(external electromagnetic fields) “High Signal to Noise Ratio”
Image Source (Emerson Rosemount)
A Weakness
Noise Solution
• Fluid electrochemistry • Polarity of the magnetic field is
• undesired electrolytic reactions reversed periodically
may generate electric potential • This allows for stable measurement
and a stable system 0 point.
• Flow induced voltage change
• Stray voltage from other equipment
(i.e. upstream pumps)
• Plant induced noise
(external electromagnetic fields)
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
ADVANTAGES
DURABILITY AND STRENGTH - no moving parts, relatively low maintenance
NO FLOW OBSTRUCTION & INSIGNIFICANT PRESSURE DROP
VERSATILITY - can handle corrosive/erosive liquids, heavy suspensions
MINIMUM FLOW CONDITIONING (10/5 (upstream/downstream) – can also handle reverse flow
PIPELINE SIZE (0.1 - 120 in D)– highly adaptable for many applications
HIGH RANGEABILITY (30:1)
HIGH ACCURACY (0.5% - 1% OF FLOW)
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
ADVANTAGES
UNAFFECTED BY DENSITY, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES
UNAFFECTED BY REYNOLD’S NUMBER
FLUID TEMPERATURES FROM –40 °C TO 260 °C (–40 °F TO 500 °F)
FLUID PRESSURES FROM FULL VACUUM TO ≥13.8 MPA (2000 PSIG)
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
LIMITATIONS
CONDUCTIVE FLUIDS ONLY – Not suitable for gas or steam (required conductivity (>
5μS/cm))
HIGH INITIAL COST – offset by low maintenance
USUALLY ONLY FOR FULLY FILLED PIPES
SHORTING CAN RESULT IN MEASUREMENT ERRORS
LIMITED APPLICABILITY WITH DE-IONIZED WATER; ≤20 µS/CM;
SPECIAL CARE IS NEEDED FOR EROSIVE APPLICATIONS;
DIFFICULTY AT TEMPERATURES ≥175 °C (350 °F);
THERE ARE LIMITATIONS WITH SOME LINERS AT VACUUM CONDITIONS;
JGC Standard Practice
Selection and Design Criteria of Flow Instruments
(JGS 224-411-1-37E)
Selection and Design Criteria of Flow Instruments
(JGS 224-411-1-37E)
RD > 4000
Turbulent Flow
The Sensor
Selection and Design Criteria of Flow Instruments
(JGS 224-411-1-37E)
Image Source: North Metro Instro
The Sensor
Image Source: CFD Flow Engineering
Common Application
INDUSTRIES THAT USE MAGMETERS
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY (Ex. Drilling Fluid, Water Services)
CHEMICAL PRODUCTION (Ex. Corrosive Chemicals) Image Source (Endress Hausser)
FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY (Ex. Yoghurts with fruit bits)
MINING (Mining Slurry)
WATER SUPPLY
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT (Ex. Thickened Sludge)
Image Source (Khrone)
GEOTHERMAL PLANTS (Ex. Hot Brine Flow (175 C))
INSTRUMENT
DATASHEET
Instrument Datasheet Sample (Exxon Mobil)
• General – Tag No., P&ID No., Service, Location, etc.
• Process Conditions – Design Conditions, Fluid Properties, etc.
• Line Data – Line No., Pipe Specifications.
• Metering Element – Meter Body Specifications, Materials, etc.
• Transmitter - Type, Power Supply, Output Signals, Accuracy, etc.
• Commissioning -
• Test
• Purchase - Supplier, PO No., Manufacturer, Model, etc.
• HART Configuration Data
General
Line Data
Process Conditions
Metering Element
Coil Excitation Types
Pulsed DC AC
Coil is fed: Coil is fed:
• 6.25 – 10 Hz Pulsed DC Current • 50 Hz AC Current (Yokogawa)
(Yokogawa) Measurement Period
Measurement Period • Continuous – Fast Response
• After magnetic field stabilization – - more susceptible to zero shift
Slower Response - stronger immunity to process noise
Applications Applications
• 90% of Applications • Fast batching / Filling
• Continuous Flow • High solid content slurries
• Pulsating/Rapidly changing flow
Transmitter
Image Source: North Metro Instro
Range Data
From JGS:
• Rangeability/Turndown Ratio of 30:1*
*Note 4 : Up to 100:1 with high precision design
Purchase and Configuration Data
Project Application
Project Application
LNGC LNGC
Process Fluid
Process Fluid • Water Services, Cooling
• Water Services, Cooling Utility Water, etc.
Utility Water, etc. Vendor
Vendor • Emerson
• Emerson Data Sheet Preparation
Data Sheet Preparation • Per tag
• Per tag
Design and Engineering Practices (SHELL)
Design and Engineering Practices (API)
LNGC Flowmeter
Selection Chart
Project Application
LNGC SPI (Bahrain Petroleum Company)
Process Fluid Process Fluid
• Water Services, Cooling • Waster Water, Sludge,
Utility Water, etc. Permeate Water
Vendor Vendor
• Emerson • Endress+Hausser
Data Sheet Preparation • YOKOGAWA
• Per tag Data Sheet Preparation
• Per instrument per tag
Project HARMONY
-END-
Thank you!
Information Flow
PEN Specification Process Vendor Documentation 1373
(Vdoc)
Initial Datasheet Preparation 1373 BMBQ 1378
Proposal Vendor
Technical Evaluation 1373
Purchase Order 1373
