SUMMARY

HILDEGARD
PEPLAU
 September 1, 1909 - March 17, 1999
 An American nurse who is the only one to serve the American
Nurse Association (ANA) as Executive Director and later as
President
 She became the first published nursing theorist since Florence
Nightingale
 She was well-known for her Theory of Interpersonal Relations
 She was known as the "Mother of Psychiatric Nursing" and the
"Nurse of the Century“
 Her awards include:
•Honorary doctoral degrees including Alfred, Duke, Indiana,
Ohio State, Rutgers, at the University of Ulster in Ireland.
 Was named one of "50 Great Americans" in Who's Who
in 1995 by Marquis

 She was elected fellow of the American Academy of

Nurse and Sigma Theta Tau, the National Nursing
Honorary Society.

 In 1996 the American Academy of Nursing honored

Peplau as a "Living Legend“.

 Received nursing's highest honor, the "Christiane

Reimann Prize" at the ICN Quadrennial Congress in
1997 .

 In 1998, the ANA inducted her into its Hall of Fame.

II. Source of Development
Influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival
Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar
Miller

“Nurse-patient relationships must pass
through three phases in order to be successful:
(a) orientation, (b) working, and (c)
termination"- Peplau
Focuses on the relation between the patient,
the nurse, and the nurse-patient interaction.

Peplau identifies this as one of the main roles
played by a nurse during the nurse-patient
relationship.
Four Phases of the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship
1. Orientation Phase

 Problem-defining phase

It starts when the client meets the nurse as a stranger.

Defining the problem and deciding the type of service needed

Client seeks assistance, conveys needs, asks questions, shares

preconceptions and expectations of past experiences

Nurse responds, explains roles to the client, identifies problems, and uses
available resources and services.

2. Identification Phase

Selection of appropriate professional assistance

 Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging and the capability of dealing

with the problem, which decreases the feeling of helplessness and
hopelessness.
 Four Phases of the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship
3. Exploitation Phase

 Client makes full use of the services offered.

 Advantages of services are used based on the needs and interests of the patients.

 The individual feels like an integral part of the helping environment.

 Nurses must be aware of the various phases of communication.

 Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all avenues of help, and progress is made toward the final step.

4. Resolution Phase

 Client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior.

 The patient’s needs have already been met by the collaborative effect of the patient and nurse.

 The patient drifts away and breaks the nurse’s bond, and a healthier emotional balance is demonstrated, and both become mature individuals.
III. Major Assumptions

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory’s assumptions are:

1. Nurse and the patient can interact.

2. Peplau emphasized that both the patient and nurse mature as the result of the
therapeutic interaction.

3. Communication and interviewing skills remain fundamental nursing tools.

4. Peplau believed that nurses must clearly understand themselves to promote their
client’s growth and avoid limiting their choices to those that nurses value.
III. Theoretical Assertions

 To help others identify their felt difficulties and that nurses should apply principles
of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience.
 Engaging in therapeutic relationships with people who are in need of health
services.
 The need for a partnership between nurse and client as opposed to the client
passively receiving treatment.
 Focuses on the therapeutic relationship by using problem-solving techniques for
the nurse and patient to collaborate on to meet the patient's needs. Both use
observation communication and recording as basic tools utilized by nursing.
 STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
 Peplau’s theory helped later nursing
theorists and clinicians develop more  Though Peplau stressed the
therapeutic interventions regarding nurse-client relationship as the
the roles that show the dynamic foundation of nursing practice,
character typical in clinical nursing. health promotion and
maintenance were less
 Its phases provide simplicity emphasized.
regarding the nurse-patient
relationship‘s natural progression,  The theory cannot be used in a
which leads to adaptability in any patient who doesn’t have a felt
nurse-patient interaction, thus need, such as with withdrawn
providing generalizability. patients.
 V. Metaparadigms
Major Concepts of the Interpersonal
Relations Theory
Society
Man -she does
encourage the
-an organism that nurse to consider
Nursing
“strives in its own Health t h e p a t i e n t ’s
way to reduce - “a word symbol that culture and mores -a “significant,
tension generated by implies a forward therapeutic, interpersonal
needs.” The client is movement of when the patient process.” She defines it
an individual with a personality and other adjusts to the as a “human relationship
felt need. ongoing human hospital routine. between an individual
processes in the who is sick, or in need of
direction of creative, health services, and a
constructive, nurse specially educated
productive, personal, to recognize and to
and community respond to the need for
living.” help.”
SUBCONCEPTS OF THE
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
THEORY Additional roles include:
 Technical expert
 Stranger  Consultant
 Resource person  Health teacher
 Te a c h e r  Tutor
 Surrogate  Socializing agent
 Counselor  Safety agent
 Te c h n i c a l E x p e r t  Manager of environment
 Mediator
 Administrator
 Recorder observer
 Researcher
Peplau’s theory is utilized in modern concepts now such as in motivational
interviewing, client management, making informed decisions and client
engagement.
Assessment Nursing Planning Implementation Evaluation
(Orientation diagnosis (Identification (Exploitation (Resolutio
phase) phase) phase) n phase)

Mrs. JL Pain related to Support the Use pillows to Expressed

expresses pain the areas with extra support the back. that she
in the low back degenerative pillow to allow got slight
region. changes in the normal relief from
lumbar region. alignment and pain.
prevent strain.
 Peplau conceptualized
Simplicity
 The simplicity of peplau’s
clear sets of nurse roles theory leads to
that every nurse can use in This theory provides adaptability in any nurse-
their practice. It implies simplicity regarding the patient interaction, thus
that a nurse’s duty is not natural progression of providing generalizability.
just to care, but the the NP relationship and  It can be utilized by
profession encompasses this theory has practitioners to guide and
every activity that may improve their practice.
generated testable
affect the patient’s care.
hypotheses.
 Importance
 Peplau's theory teaches the
 The concepts are highly
nurse how to interact with his
applicable to the care of
or her patient so that the
psychiatric patients
patient feels more in control of
considering Peplau’s
his treatment which can also
background. But it is not
give him the sense that the
limited to those sets of
treatment can be done without
individuals. It can be
the assistance of the nurse once
applied to any person
the patient is discharged from
capable and has the will
her care.
to communicate.
 References

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g-flash-cards/
 Gonzalo, A. B. (2021, March 5). Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory.
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interpersonalrelationstheory/?
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 References

 Gonzalo, A. B. (2021b, March 5). Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory.

Nurseslabs. Retrieved October 13, 2022, from
https://nurseslabs.com/hildegard-peplaus-interpersonal-relations-theory/

 Hagerty, T. A., Samuels, W., Norcini-Pala, A., & Gigliotti, E. (2017). Peplau's Theory of
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Interpersonal Relations: An Alternate Factor Structure for Patient Experience Data?. Nursing
science quarterly, 30(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318417693286

 Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations:Hildegard. E. Peplau. (n.d.). Retrieved October

13, 2022, from https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory.html
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