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Lecture 6

The document discusses different types of conic sections including circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Conic sections are defined as curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. The type of conic section depends on the angle of the intersecting plane - a perpendicular plane forms a circle, an oblique plane forms an ellipse or hyperbola, and a plane parallel to a generator forms a parabola. The document also provides mathematical definitions and methods for constructing ellipses and parabolas using properties like foci, directrix, and eccentricity.

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Divyanshu Jain
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51 views

Lecture 6

The document discusses different types of conic sections including circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Conic sections are defined as curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. The type of conic section depends on the angle of the intersecting plane - a perpendicular plane forms a circle, an oblique plane forms an ellipse or hyperbola, and a plane parallel to a generator forms a parabola. The document also provides mathematical definitions and methods for constructing ellipses and parabolas using properties like foci, directrix, and eccentricity.

Uploaded by

Divyanshu Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONIC SECTION

Curves used in Engineering Practice:


1. Conic sections
2. Cycloidal curves
3. Involute
4. Evolutes
5. Spirals
6. Helix
Definition of conic sections by cutting a right circular cone
with a sectional plane.
Circle
A A
When the cutting plane AA is perpendicular
B
to the axis and cuts all the generators C
Ellipse D
When the cutting plane BB is inclined to the
E
axis of the cone and cut all the generators on
B
one side of the apex
Parabola
When the cutting plane CC is inclined to the
axis of the cone and parallel to one of the
generator. E D C
Hyperbola AA GIVES CIRCLE
When the cutting plane DD makes a smaller BB GIVES ELLIPSE
angle with the axis than that of the angle made CC GIVES PARABOLA
by the generators of the cone. DD GIVES HYPERBOLA
EE GIVES RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA
CONIC SECTIONS

ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA


CIRCLE
Definition of conic sections mathematically, i.e., with respect
to the loci of a point moving in a plane.
Conic: It is defined as the locus of a HYPERBOLA (e>1)
point moving in a plane in such a way
PARABOLA (e=1)
that the ratio of its distance from a fix
ELLIPSE (e<1)
point (focus) to a fixed straight line D
(directrix), is always constant. The ratio
E
is called eccentricity. P
F F2
C A
Ellipse E
V V2
P
Eccentricity is always less than 1 E P
Parabola D

Eccentricity is always equal to 1 CA =AXIS


Hyperbola V = VERTEX
F = FOCUS
Eccentricity is always greater than 1 DD = DIRECTRIX
PF

e
ECC
T
PE
Mathematically a ellipse can be described by an
equation (x2/ a2) + (y2 / b2) =1;
(where a & b are semi-major and semi-minor
axis respectively)
Use of elliptical curves is made in
Arches
Bridges
Dams
Man-holes etc.
Method of Construction of Ellipse

1. General method (Eccentricity method)


2. Arc of circle method
3. Concentric circle method
4. Oblong method

NOTE: Use 1 method when e and CF is given


Use any method out of rest when major and minor axis are given
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Construct an ellipse when the distance of the focus from the


directrix is equal to 50 mm and eccentricity is 2/3
Draw any vertical line DD as directrix.

At any point C in it, draw the axis.

Mark a focus F on the axis such that CF=50 mm


GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Divide CF into 5 equal divisions

Mark the vertex V on the third division- point


from C. (Thus e = VF/VC = 2/3)
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Draw a line perpendicular to v and take distance equal to VF


make a arc from F to the perpendicular line FE.
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Join the CE and extend it


GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Make a line which make 45 degree angle at point F and extend this line upto
intersection of line C.
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Take a random distance arc mark between V and end point of Ellipse I,e
1,2,3……..8.
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD

Draw perpendicular line from points which intersect the line CE.
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD
GENERAL METHOD (ECCENTRICITY METHOD)
Construct an ellipse when the distance of the focus from the
directrix is equal to 50 mm and eccentricity is 2/3
ARC OF CIRCLE METHOD
Construct an ellipse, given the major and minor axes.
Draw an ellipse by arc of circle method major axis is 120 mm
and minor axis is 70 mm.
Draw a line AB equal to the 120mm and a line
CD equal to the 70mm, bisecting each other at
right angles at O.
With the centre C and radius equal to half
AB,. Draw arcs cutting AB at F1 and F2, the foci
of the ellipse.

Mark a number of points 1, 2, 3


etc. on AB.
With centers F1 and F2, and radius equal to
A1, draw arcs on both sides of AB.

With same centres and radius


equal to B1, Draw arcs intersecting
the previous arcs at four points
marked P1.
Similarly with radii A2 and B2, A3
and B3 etc. obtain more points.

Draw a smooth curve through these


points. This curve is the required ellipse
Mathematically a parabola can be described by
an equation y2 =4ax or x2 =4ay

Use of parabolic curves is made in


Arches
Bridges
Sound reflectors
Light reflectors etc.
GENERAL METHOD
To construct a parabola, when the distance of the focus from
the directrix is 50 mm
 Draw the directrix is AB and the axis CD
 Mark focus F on CD, 50 mm from C.
 Bisect CF in V the vertex (because eccentricity =1)
 Mark a number of points 1, 2, 3 etc. on the axis and through them,
draw perpendicular to it.
 With center F and radius equal to C1, draw arc cutting the
perpendicular through 1 at P1 and P1’
 Similarly locate points P2 and P2’, P3 and P3’ etc. on both side of the
axis
 Draw a smooth curve through these points. This curve is the required
parabola. It is a open curve

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